In Defense of Darkness Rhetorical Analysis Essay - 1134 Words

In Holly Wren Spaulding’s essay, â€Å"In Defense of Darkness,† her main claim is that we have fallen away from darkness and immersed ourselves in a society of lightness. Furthermore, she claims this has lead humans to lose touch with basic human emotion as well as the sensual and spiritual experience true darkness has to offer. Spaulding makes this claim evident through exceptional use of personal testimony and copious appeals to value. Spaulding begins her essay with a detailed personal testimony that describes the deep emotional connection she feels for darkness. In part of the second paragraph she states, â€Å"the sky and shore and water were all one inky darkness though stars sparkled on the watery surface,† (83). This description of the†¦show more content†¦She takes advantage of her passion for the darkness as a way of persuading her side of the argument, placing greater favor upon the peacefulness in darkness versus chaos in the light. Also her description of her emotions when she is surrounded by darkness suggests that our busy lives in the light have taken relaxation away from our lives; darkness helps us fall back into simpler times and serenity. Next, Spaulding places her appeals to value upon the light/urbanism. She states, â€Å"We modern, industrial, technological Homo sapiens favor light,† (84). This is the start of her counterargument; she explains the importance of light in our technological society. Spaulding shows how it has become a security blanket that has caused us to slowly move away from darkness, almost as if it was an enemy. Which brings her to consumer capitalism and how institutions draw us into products taking advantage of light and brightness. Because consumer capitalism is a way for institutions to control us, Spaulding is suggesting that they are in control of the obsession with light; they make sure it surrounds us showing us â€Å"the action is here, this is the thing to buy, we are open for business, this is the way,† (84). While the previous paragraphs considered the value we place upon light and served as a part of Spaulding’s counter argument, it also built up for her qualifying argument. She has acknowledged that humans prefer light and claims â€Å"But why notShow MoreRelatedStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesway to ensure that strategy is controlled in one mind is to keep the process simple (182). However, this point, together with the first, forced Andrews to tread a fine line throughout his text between nonconscious intuition on one side and formal analysis on the other, a position he characterized as an act of judgment (108). This distinguishes the design school from the entrepreneurial school on one side and the planning and especially positioning schools on the other. 4. Strategies should be oneRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Chan ge.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesReasons ................................................................................................ 236 Deceiving with Loaded Language ................................................................................................... 238 Using Rhetorical Devices .................................................................................................................. 240 Review of Major Points .............................................................................................

Shopping Addiction Free Essays

What Shopping Can Lead To What is shopping? Is shopping something we do for fun, for fashion, or to make us happy? Is shopping in our culture? Is shopping something we have learned from our parents, growing up? Shopping can be defined in many ways, but when does shopping become a problem? In â€Å"Shopping Spree, or Addiction† by Heather Hatfield, MD, she says â€Å"shopping can be one of America’s favorite past-times, but shopping can also lead to a self-destructive addiction that will cause financial disaster (1-2). I’ll be going over two main factors, credit cards and the mall environment, that cause a shopping addiction, along with the type of illness, depression, that also causes a shopping addiction. I’ll also talk about the treatment individuals go through to overcome the addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dictionary definition of shopping is the act of a person who shops. It does not define an overreaction to shopping. What is an overreaction to shopping? It’s a shopping addiction. A shopping addiction is referred to as shopoholism, and is just as unhealthy as alcoholism, drug abuse, and gambling. In some cases there are similarities amongst these addictions. For instance, alcoholics will hide their bottles, and shopaholics will hide their purchases. Having a shopping and spending addiction is defined as being inappropriate, excessive, and out of control. â€Å"Like other addictions, it has to do with impulsiveness and lack of control over one’s impulse. In America, shopping is embedded in our culture; so often, the impulsiveness comes out as excessive shopping,† says Donald Black, MD (quoted in Hatifield 1-2). A article by David Futrelle, who is a licensed psychologist and prominent researcher of Shopoholism, states that shopoholism is an impulse control problem rather being an obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). For an example, a person with OCD will wash their hands and find relief whereas a compulsive shopper will get a high. The euphoria compulsive shoppers feel keeps them coming back for more, and more, and more (Futrelle). Individuals who are compulsive shoppers aren’t able to control their behavior through rational considerations. They will not be concerned if they don’t have enough money to pay. Since credit is so easily available, it makes it easy for people to spend, but before they know it they will find themselves in debt. The word credit card is in almost every shopaholic’s story. But it’s not credit cards that cause shopping addictions. According to statistics most individuals who develop this addiction are in their early twenties. Normally, this is after they get their first real job and their first credit card. It’s not just shopaholics who have problems spending with credit cards. It’s everyone. Using credit cards is easier, and we feel like we got it for free because no money has come out of our pocket, just not yet anyway. People who use credit instead of cash tend to spend 20%-30% more than someone who is paying with cash† says Gary Herman, director of counseling services for consolidated credit (quoted in Futrelle). With all the spending that’s going on the debt keeps piling up. Individuals won’t know how much debt they are in. Eventually individuals will go into denial on how much they really spent and owe back. People will end up owing back twice as much as they thought they did. Credit cards aren’t to blame for addictive shopping; they just play a big part in a person’s life who is addicted to shopping. The way malls, stores, and advertisements are set up plays a big part on how people spend. Advertisers influence people to shop and spend more. Malls and shops are set up to attract people with their displays. For instance, people can go into their favorite store and there could be a sale. Of course the shopper will buy more than they really need because they feel like they have gotten a deal. â€Å"In a way malls and stores seduce us to buy, and it can lead to an addiction† says James J. Farrell who is a professor of history at St. Olaf College (53-55). Companies also will use their slogans to get people to buy and spend more. Take BMW for instance, their slogan is â€Å"The Ultimate Driving Machine. † This slogan tricks people into thinking that if they don’t own a BMW then whatever car they do own is not good enough. Other catchy slogans include Levi jeans, â€Å"You Walk a Little Taller in Levis† or Visa â€Å"Everywhere You Want to be. † Companies use these tactics to persuade people to spend and spend and spend, attracting the shopalcholics until individuals can’t spend any more. Nine million people in America suffer from shopoholism, and it’s more common in women. There have been studies conducted to see if addictions are genetic. â€Å"About 10%-15% may have a genetic predisposition to an addictive behavior† says Ruth Engs, MD (quoted in Hatifield 1). As reported by Dr. Adrienne Backer â€Å"There is a strong link between compulsive shopping and an inadequate maternal relationship (quoted in Futrelle). † Frequently the mother was depressed or absent emotionally causing the daughter to develop a low self-esteem, resulting in the daughter turning to shopping to feel happy (Futrelle). In reality people who have a shopping addiction are covering up a low self-esteem. Dr. Louise Chang who is a physician at Grady Memorial hospital states that the endorphins, dopamine, and  naturally occurring opiate receptors get switched on in the brain, and people will feel a high that makes them feel good about themselves for that short amount of time while shopping. The causes of addictions and why addicts will continue their destructive behaviors remain uncertain. Most individuals who suffer from compulsive shopping have a history of psychological problems and difficulties at home, and this plays a huge part in forming this compulsion (Chang 1). There are many warning signs to look out for in individuals who are addicted to shopping. Some of the signs to look out for are spending over budget, compulsive buying, being obsessed with money, and feeling lost without credit cards or cash. Having a shopping addiction will cause arguments with other family members about the individual’s shopping habits. A shopping addiction is a vicious cycle that keeps repeating itself. For most people shopping is going to the mall with friends or to buy the latest style, but for compulsive shoppers, shopping makes them feel good. About ninety years ago German psychologist, Emil Kraepelin defined excessive shopping as an illness calling it â€Å"onioman,† (quoted in Velez-Mitchell 20-25) but only recently it’s being understood as a disorder. After individuals shop they feel guilty or depressed about how much they spent. In some cases individuals will feel so guilty they will go back to the store and return the merchandise thinking they will feel relief. Again once they return home they find the guilt has gone away, but then they will feel anxious. The outcome of feeling anxious will lead to another shopping spree. It’s an ongoing cycle. More than half the time shopping addicts have to hide their problem from loved ones to avoid arguments. Individuals will let merchandise pile up in their car until loved ones aren’t home. Then they take their purchases inside. In marriages, one will have secret bank accounts or credit cards to avoid confrontation with their significant other about spending money. Just like any other addiction it takes a toll on family relationships or personal relationships. Individuals will spend every extra minute they have at the mall instead of being home. Individuals will also isolate themselves from others because they become preoccupied with their behavior. Before one notices that their partner has a problem, they usually are in debt for $75,000 or more. The husband or wife is equally responsible for the debt their significant other has obtained. Usually this addiction will ruin a relationship, and if one is married it will end with divorce, which is stated by Jane Velez Mitchell who is an awarding winning journalist and bestselling author (192-198). Is there a cure for someone who has a shopping addiction? The answer is yes. The first thing to do it to admit one has a problem. There are different levels of a shopaholic. Individuals will have to find a debtors anonymous 12 step program to go to. This program is important for ongoing support and maintenance. Individuals will also have to go through credit counseling. â€Å"There are no standard treatments for shopping addictions† says Donald Black, MD (quoted in Hatifield 1-2). There is one type of medication that is given to people with a shopping addiction and that is an antidepressant, called Celexa. The cause of a shopping addiction results in the individual being depressed, and they will use shopping to relieve their depression and feel happy. But antidepressants don’t always work, and many victims they have to go to counseling. For individuals who try to recover from this addiction, it’s a good idea to get rid of check books and credit cards which fuel the problem. People also should not shop by themselves. They should find other meaningful ways to spend their time. With people who have a severe shopping addiction, it’s recommended that someone else controls their finances for them. If someone disagrees with what I’ve written about shopping addictions, they are either an addict or wealthy. People with shopping addictions or any other addiction don’t realize they have a problem and think they are ok. It’s very hard for one to realize and admit they have a problem. In seeking help for this addiction a person needs to admit they have a problem in order to recover from the addiction. Another type of person who would disagree with a shopping addiction is someone who has money to spend. If an individual has money and can afford going on shopping sprees regularly, then why not buy everything they want. But individuals who are wealthy won’t realize they have a problem, and they could be suffering from depression. The first thing to do to recover from this addiction is to admit one has a problem, otherwise treatment won’t work. Works Cited Chang, Louise, MD. â€Å"The New Addiction. †WebMD. 2009. Web. 5 July 2011. Farrell, James J. One Nation Under Good. Washington D. C: Smithsonian Books, 2003. Print. Futrelle, David. â€Å"Do You Shop Too Much. † Money Magazine. Money Magazine, 31 Oct. 2003. Web. 1 July 2001. Hatifield, Heather,MD. â€Å"Shopping Spree, or Addiction? †Ã‚  WebMD. 2004. Web. 5 July 2011. Velez-Mitchell, Jane and Sandra Mohr. Addict Nation. Florida: Health Communications, 2011. Print. How to cite Shopping Addiction, Essay examples

Marketing Management of Amazon Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management of Amazon Company. Answer: Introduction Amazon Company is Fortune 500 e-commerce organization that is based in Seattle, Wash. It has proper distinction of being one of the largest companies in order to sell different goods as well as services in the internet. In the year 1994, Jeff Bezos has founded Amazon that will be launched in the following year. There are two different issues that has to be discussed in the entire report is relating to the marketing mix as well as the different strategies in order to adopt as well as standardize different international area ofmarketing along with process of internationalization in order to properly describe the internationalization of Amazon. Amazon considers itself as customer centric organization that will help in gaining huge competitive advantage in the competitive market. It is one of the cloud computing organizations that have been the largest internet retailer. The Amazon Company has different as well as separate retail stores in the United States, Ireland, and Germany as well as in Italy. The different theories as well as approaches have to be described in order to discuss the entire report. Furthermore, from the year 2000, the logotype of Amazon has properly featured curved arrow that is leading from A to Z and in the year 2011, there were 30,000 full time employees who were working with them (Fuentes-Blasco et al. 2017). Marketing Mix Marketing mix is a proper mixture of four Ps such as product, promotion, distribution, price as well as place (Festa et al. 2016). There are 7Ps of marketing has been discussed in the next chapters as this helps in determining the entire success or failure of the respective brand. The entire success as well as sustainability helps in analyzing the different strategies as well as tactics that is suitable in nature for making Amazon brand sustainable in nature. The different elements of the marketing mix is essential in nature as this will help in analyzing as well as ensuring the company to put the right kind of product at the right place at the right time as well. Concept of adaption as well as standardization Proper standardization process helps in comprising of different publication, formulation as well as implementation of different guidelines as well as specifications. It is such a process wherein proper equipments as well as methods will be used in order to gain competitive advantage in the competitive environment (Moorthy and Suresh 2014). Amazon can properly use different set of procedures, as this will help them in adopting new technologies that will help in having huge positive impact on the performance of the respective company. The Amazon can properly adopt different technologies in the new markets with existing range of products by making different changes in the strategy that will properly suit in local market (Sharma and Gautam 2017). Marketing Mix elements with adoption as well as standardization There are different marketing mix elements such as product, price, promotion as well as place. Amazon has properly incorporated different 4Ps of marketing mix in an effective manner that will help in achieving positive results as well. During the time for entering into the international market, Amazon has to adopt the marketing mix in order to choose different strategies that are accurate in nature for proper implementation such as adoption or standardization. As per Gupta and Pirsch (2014), the actual flavor of global marketing is to create proper balance between the standard approach as well as standardized that will indicate extension to marketing mix that will help Amazon in operating in a better way in the future. Amazon has to implement different global strategies that will help in understanding the entire global marketing mix. Proper marketing mix is essential to be performed in order to understand the different issues relating to the different Ps in the competitive environment. Amazon requires to properly ascertaining the different Ps of marketing in order to analyze the different challenges that will be faced by the respective brand in the future (Khan 2014). Elements of Marketing Mix Product is one of concept that is adopted by Amazon that helps in making proper connections to internet with different gadgets like tablets, phones and this will allow the customers in order to properly browse as well as purchase products in an effective manner. These products are delivered to the customers with the help of delivery service organizations. Amazon has properly built huge product base and this will help in selling different products that includes Boos, jewellery, clothes for women, men as well as for children along with different mobiles as well as tablets (Ooi Kuan, Lloyd and Mou Chuan 2017). Amazon expanded business in India as well as in United Kingdom with the proper implementation of different other products as this will help them in making their presence in the entire market. This will help in ensuring that Amazon continues to properly deliver different variety products at a competitive price as this will help them in providing proper competition to the other comp etitors in the market (Ha and Lee 2018). Price is another essential component in the marketing mix wherein Amazon is competitive in nature with the pricing techniques of staying ahead of the different competitors in the market. Amazon helps in offering different copies both new as well as old in order to provide the customers a premium account who is frequent buyers from Amazon. The prices can be kept competitive in nature by Amazon as this will help in ensuring proper benefit to the consumers and this will help in showing lesser prices online to the customers than the competitors. Amazon is providing huge competition to the other competitors such as Flipkart, eBay as well as other online stores as the price that is offered by Amazon is comparatively lower in nature in comparison to the others in the market and this is helping them in gaining proper competitive advantage in the competitive environment as well (Tapp and Spotswood 2103). Promotion is another essential component of the marketing mix wherein Amazon uses advertisements that are web based and they will use this as the search engine to advertise their different offers and products that is sold by them. The result that has been generated from the search engine has worked in favor of Amazon and this is the best promotional strategy that is used by Amazon as well. Furthermore, the formal level of promotion has properly grown in the recent years and this is becoming huge incentive for the market as well. Proper advertising techniques has to be applied by the different companies as this will help Amazon in gaining huge profit in the near future as well. Place is another essential component that helps in maintaining proper brand image among the customers. The brand image of Amazon is strong in nature, this helped them in creating a huge presence across the globe, and the employees who are working in Amazon are friendly as well as relaxed in nature as well. There are different individuals in India who can access broadband and the likes for the competition gets toughen in nature as well. The main competitors of Amazon are Flipkart, eBay as well as snapdeal and they create tough competition for Amazon as well in different companies in different parts of the world. The online shopping will help in gaining proper competitive advantage, as this will help in avoiding the cost of rents as well as other issues as well. Proper ascertainments are required in order to generate proper techniques to increase their presence in the competitive market. Argument over adoption as well as standardization The argument that has been raised is such that the process of adoption in the product helps in raising production cost and this has weakened the entire band over the global scale. There is no such chance left wherein the consumers will adopt such product and this will help the company in improving the brand globally as well. Amazon has properly used the proper strategy of adoption along with distribution strategy that will help in attracting huge number of customers in the market. Amazon properly realizes that the customers want proper as well as quick delivery of goods as well as services. Amazon has properly adopted the proper distribution system in order to serve the different customers in the competitive market. There are different theories on internationalization that can be adopted by Amazon in order to properly such as: Uppsala Internationalization process model is the model that has been properly proposed by Johansson and Wiedersheim Paul in the year 1975. Both of the authors properly believed that process of internationalization takes place with various steps that are interesting in nature that is known as establishment chains. With the help of proper time, the decisions related to commitment as well as knowledge relating to market will help in enhancing the brand image of the company and this will help in exploring more future opportunities as well (Eddyono and Subroto 2014). The entire knowledge relating to the market is essential, as this will help them in getting proper commitment towards market as well as for the customers. Network theory is the next theory that has been raised after understanding the different concern of the Uppsala theory. In this theory, proper importance has been provided to the technological advancements rather than the experience as well as usage of resources (Abdul-Hamid et al. 2017). There are different authors who have commented that proper collective efforts are essential in nature as his will help in improving the relationship between the business and this is the source of knowledge as well (Akgn, Keskin and Ayar 2014). International Entrepreneurship theory is the kind of theory that is based on the advancements of technology and this will help in decreasing the different barriers that is present in the culture as well as increment wherein proper awareness relating to culture in the remote market exists (Gummesson and Gummesson 2017). New ventures as well as joint ventures are properly adopted by organizations in order to establish in the new area. The entrepreneurship theory is essential in nature as this will help in expanding their brand in the market and this will help them in gaining competitive advantage in the market as well. Application of theory in Amazon along with different advantages as well as disadvantages The model of internationalization that is applied by Amazon is Uppsala Model, as this will help in analyzing the different internationalization path of Amazon. The Uppsala model used by Amazon helps in describing the foreign market entry as the proper process of learning. There is initial commitment of the different resources to foreign market that will lead to increase in knowledge relating to the local market and the proper continuation of the cycle will continue till sufficient market knowledge is gained for proper expansion of such knowledge. The implication of the Uppsala model helps Amazon in expanding their markets globally as well and this will minimize the psychic distance as well (Adams 2016). Advantages of Uppsala Model It can be analyzed that Amazon did not follow the Uppsala model to such an extent, as the main strategy that was adopted by Amazon. This helped in directly acquiring companies in the foreign markets without the local knowledge of the markets such as in UK, Germany as well in China. Amazon continued as well as expanded the business in Canada as well in India but there were no Canadian or Indian employees who were working with them. Proper as well as extensive experience research will help in analyzing the previous needs as well as other models as well. The entire Uppsala theory is based on proper as well as gradual way of proper collection as well as making information, as this will help in extracting different information as well as other knowledge from the entire market (Kesavan and Mascarenhas 2015). Disadvantages of Uppsala Model Uppsala Model did not provide competitive advantage to Amazon as there is huge competition in the entire market There is no such advancement in technologies in Uppsala Model and this has affected Amazon There has been different issues related to the Uppsala Model as the other competitors in the market who are competiting in the market References Abdul-Hamid, I.K., Hinson, R.E., Mahmoud, M.A. and Yaw, E., 2017, June. Sustainability Marketing: The 7ps Perspectives. In5 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 21-23, 2017 Thessaloniki, Greece(p. 595). Adams, M.E., 2016.Beyond the Glass: Examining Wine Tasting Room Profitability Using the 4Ps of the Marketing Mix(Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech). Akgn, A.E., Keskin, H. and Ayar, H., 2014. Standardization and adaptation of international marketing mix activities: A case study.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.609-618. Eddyono, F. and Subroto, B., 2014. Purchase Behavior of Noodles: A Case Study of Effort Primary Food Diversification in Indonesia.International Journal of Science and Technology,3(10). Festa, G., Cuomo, M.T., Metallo, G. and Festa, A., 2016. The (r) evolution of wine marketing mix: From the 4Ps to the 4Es.Journal of Business Research,69(5), pp.1550-1555. Fuentes-Blasco, M., Fuentes-Blasco, M., Moliner-Velzquez, B., Moliner-Velzquez, B., Gil-Saura, I. and Gil-Saura, I., 2017. Analyzing heterogeneity on the value, satisfaction, word-of-mouth relationship in retailing.Management Decision,55(7), pp.1558-1577. Gummesson, E. and Gummesson, E., 2017. From relationship marketing to total relationship marketing and beyond.Journal of services marketing,31(1), pp.16-19. Gupta, S. and Pirsch, J., 2014. Consumer evaluation of target marketing to the bottom of the pyramid.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,26(1), pp.58-74. Ha, E.Y. and Lee, H., 2018. Projecting service quality: The effects of social media reviews on service perception.International Journal of Hospitality Management,69, pp.132-141. Kesavan, R. and Mascarenhas, O., 2015. Retailer Perception of In-Store Customer Responsibility: Managerial Implications. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 278-282). Springer, Cham. Khan, M.T., 2014. The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), p.95. Moorthy, D. and Suresh, G., 2014. Consumer Perception on Private Label Products in Coimbatore.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,5(2), p.241. Ooi Kuan, T., Lloyd, L. and Mou Chuan, C., 2017, October. An assessment on the trustworthiness of engineers in higher tertiary institutions. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1891, No. 1, p. 020137). AIP Publishing. Rahman, A.S., Barua, A., Hoque, R. and Zahir, M.R., 2017. Influence of Green Marketing on Consumer Behavior: A Realistic Study on Bangladesh.Global Journal of Management And Business Research. Tapp, A. and Spotswood, F., 2013. From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix.Journal of Social Marketing,3(3), pp.206-222.

Rugby And Football Essays - Ball Games, Football Codes, Team Sports

Rugby And Football Rugby and Football The thick, broad-shouldered athlete breathes heavily and grunts with each step as he and his teammates push mightily against the opposition. His arms are locked over his teammates' shoulders, all of their heads down. The two teams are pushing against each other like two moose fighting over territory. He looks down to see the ball, sitting just in front of his feet. If he could just hook it with his foot and heave it to his teammate behind him... This is what every player in a scrum is thinking while they fight each other for possession. Rugby is the true sport of men, because you wear no pads, and it is even more violent than football; however, football requires that you wear pads, thus being the true sport of want-to-be men. The rules of these similar yet vastly different games are extremely complex, so only the basics are necessary to distinguish the better sport. In football, the primary rule is that you must advance the ball forward by throwing it or running with it. Once a player with the ball is downed, the entire team lines up again, and the ball is snapped to the quarterback. The short pause in-between each down may not seem significant, but it definitely takes its toll on the excitement. In rugby, however, the primary rule is that you can only advance the ball by running with, kicking, or passing it. With passing, though, you can only pass the ball backwards or directly to your side, never forward. Like football, you score by running the ball into the endzone or by kicking it through the uprights. Also, you must touch the ball to the ground for it to count, and it is worth five points. When kicking, the ball can be kicked from anywhere spontaneously. If it passes through the uprights, it is worth three points, as in football. The equipment for the two sports is widely different, with football requiring much more. In football, players must wear a large set of pads, covering most of their body, and a masked helmet. The ball is made up of an inflated rubber bladder, surrounded by stitched leather, and it appears ellipsoidal in shape. Most players now wear cleated or spiked shoes, but flat-soles are often worn for artificial turf surfaces. But rugby, being the true sport of men, uses no pads of helmets. In fact the only equipment that are somewhat similar in both games can be found from the ankles down. Players wear a jersey, usually long-sleeved, athletic shorts, and cleated shoes. The ball has an oval shape to it, and is blunter than a football so that it may easily be bounced and dropkicked. The origins of football trace back to ancient Greece when they played a form of football know as harpaston, and the Romans played a similar game, harpastum. In medieval times, another form of football, calcio, flourished in Italy. Most modern versions of football however, originated in England, where a form of the game was known in the 12th century. Rugby is said to have originated when a boy at Rugby School in Rugby, England picked up and carried the ball during a game of football in 1823. Previously, the rules had only allowed the ball to be kicked. As I said before, rugby is the true sport of men. It is the supreme test of strength, endurance, determination, and agility. Whereas in football, the players are so cocky and greedy about how much money they will make during this game, that most of them do not even work their hardest to win, as long as they make a living.

Bluetooth to Bluetooth Essays

Bluetooth to Bluetooth Essays Bluetooth to Bluetooth Essay Bluetooth to Bluetooth Essay Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i. e. , for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth-enabled device via the OBEX protocol. Bluetooth has a very limited range, usually around 10 metres (32. ft) on mobile phones, but laptops can reach up to 100 metres (328 ft) with powerful (Class 1) transmitters. Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i. e. for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth enabled device via the OBEX protocol. Bluetooth has a very limited range; usually around 10 meters on mobile phones, but laptops can reach up to 100 meters with powerful transmitters.Bluejacking allows phone users to send business cards anonymously using Bluetooth wireless technology. Bluejacking does not involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. Bluejackers often look for the receiving phone to ping or the user to react. In order to carry out a bluejacking, the sending and receiving devices must be within 10 meters of one another. Phone owners who receive bluejack messages should refuse to add the contacts to their address book. Devices that are set in non-discoverable mode are not susceptible to bluejacking.Mobile phones have been adopted as an everyday technology, and they are ubiquitous in social situations as users carry them around as they move through different physical locations throughout the day. As a communicative device, the mobile phone has been gradually taken up in ways that move beyond merely providing a channel for mediated conversation. One such appropriation is bluejacking, the practice of sending short, unsolicited messages via vCard functionality to other Bluetooth-enabled phones.To choose the recipients of bluejacks, senders complete a scan using their mobile phones to search for the available Bluetooth-enabled devices in the immediate area. A bluejacker picks one of the available devices, composes a message within a body of the phone’s contact interface, sends the message to the recipient, and remains in the vicinity to observe any reactions expressed by the recipient. The messages tend to be anonymous since the recipient has no idea who has sent the bluejack, and the recipient has no information about the bluejacker, except for the name and model of the bluejacker’s mobile phone.Because of Bluetooth’s short-range networking capabilities, bluejacking can only occur between actors who are within 10 meters of each other, which makes this activity highly location-dependent. Contrary to what the name suggests, the bluejack recipient’s phone is not hijacked; that is, the phone is at no time under the control of the bluejacker. We conceptualize bluejacking as a violation of possessional territory. Inspired by Goffman, we propose that the mobile phone is a possessional territory as a result of the intimacy and continued contact between mobile phone users and their phones.A possessional territory, in our usage, is an object that engenders attachment and defense by those who perceive possession and can be referred to as a personal effec t. Possessional territories function egocentrically; that is, they move around with their owners who maintain and exert regulatory control, such as the definition of settings. Since we characterize the mobile phone as a possessional territory, we adapt the category of violation, defined as a temporary incursion where gaining control is not necessarily the goal as a likely and appropriate category of infringement in this context.We also propose that bluejackers are attempting to personalize their experience of public space by engaging in the violation of others’ possessional territories through the act of illicit and anonymous messaging. Visitors to public spaces can engage in habitual behaviors at a specific location, such as picking a favorite parking spot that one can return to on each successive visit, to gain a sense of familiarity to locations that are frequently re-visited.These physical environments then hold enough significance to inspire defense among those who inhabit them and defensive behaviors, which can range from defining a personal space within a conversation or while using a tabletop work-surface. Typically, an inhabitant of a public place tends to personalize a location if he or she feels that the social conventions of a space allow one the license to mark a territory. Bluejackers, however, ignore the conflict between the control exerted by the bluejacker and the lack of defensive measures that can be taken by the recipient when his or her possessional territory is violated.To gain a further understanding of why bluejackers would engage in a practice that disrupts the social conventions of public space, we ask the following research questions: 1. What are the characteristics of the public spaces in which bluejacking occurs? 2. What are the alternative social conventions that might arise from the practice of bluejacking? 3. What implications does this appropriation have for the design of mobile social systems? Origin This bluejack phenomen on started after a Malaysian IT consultant named Ajack posted a comment on a mobile phone forum.Ajack told IT Web that he used his Ericsson cellphone in a bank to send a message to someone with a Nokia 7650. Becoming bored while standing in a bank queue, Ajack did a Bluetooth discovery to see if there was another Bluetooth device around. Discovering a Nokia 7650 in the vicinity, he created a new contact and filled in the first name with Buy Ericsson! ’ and sent a business card to the Nokia phone. A guy a few feet away from me suddenly had his 7650 beep. He took out his 7650 and started looking at his phone. I couldn’t contain myself and left the bank, he says.Ajack then posted the story on a mobile Web site and other people started trying it out. I gave it the name bluejacking (taken from the words Bluetooth and hijacking) and it has just taken off from there. He says bluejacking is common in Malaysia and is happening everywhere there are lots of Bluetooth devices. Bl uejacking has become popular among young people wanting to play practical jokes. A 13-year-old named Ellie from Surrey in the UK has started a dedicated bluejacking site called bluejackq. The site explains what bluejacking is and lso has forums where people can share their bluejacking experiences. BLUEJACKING TECHNOLOGY As we know that bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i. e. for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth enabled device via the OBEX protocol. So bluejacking is based on Bluetooth technology which is explained bellow. Bluetooth technology Bluetooth Technology was developed to solve the simple problem of eliminating the connector cable.The idea is to replace the cables that are needed to accompany portable devices carried by many mobile travelers with a low-cost, secure, robust RF link. Orig inally Bluetooth marketed to small handheld devices such as cell phones and laptops. As the Bluetooth standard emerged successfully into society, the world demanded more. It is reported on Lets Go Digital in an article written by Ilse Jurrien that three new Bluetooth products are qualified every day and 10 million Bluetooth units are shipped per week. Bluetooth is so efficient, effective, and secure that even the IEEE approved the 802. 5. 1 Standard for Wireless Person Area Networks based on the Bluetooth specification. What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is defined as a wireless technology that provides short-range communications intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security. There are three key features of Bluetooth; robustness, low power, and low cost. The Bluetooth standard provides a uniform structure enabling a wide variety of devices to seamlessly, and wirelessly, connect and communication with each other.Bluetooth devices connect and communicate via RF link through short-range piconets. Bluetooth devices have the ability to connect with up to seven devices per piconet. Each of these devices can also be simultaneously connected to other piconets. The piconet itself is established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enables devices enter and leave the range in which its radio operates. The major pro of Bluetooth is the ability to be full duplex and handle both data and voice transmission simultaneously.The differentiation of Bluetooth from other wireless standards such as Wi-fi is that the Bluetooth standard gives both link layer and application layer definitions which support data and voice applications. Bluetooth comes in two core versions; Version 2. 0 + Enhanced Data Rate and Version 1. 2. The primary differences being Bluetooth 2. 0 has a data rate of 3 Mega byte per second whereas Version 1. 2 has only a 1 Mega byte per second data rate. Both are equipped with extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improves voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets.Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2. 4 to 2. 485 GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. Bluetooth is modulated using adaptive frequency hopping (AFH). This modulation has the capability to reduce interference between wireless technologies sharing the ISM band. It does this by having the ability to detect other devices using the ISM band and use only frequencies that are free. The signal itself hops between ranges of 79 frequencies at 1 Megahertz intervals to minimize interference.The devices themselves are categorized into range ability. There are three classes of devices each covering a select range. Class 1 devices are mostly used in industrial cases and have a range of 100 to 300 meters. These devices take more power than the standard devices you and I are accustomed to in our daily routine and therefore are a bit more expensive. Class 2 devices are most commonly found in mobile devices and the most commonly used. Items such as cell phones and printers are Class 2 devices and have a range of 10 to 30 feet and use only 2. milli-Watts of power. Finally, Class 3 devices have the shortest range of up to 1 meter and include devices such as keyboards and a computer mouse. Class three devices therefore require the least amount of power and are in general the lease expensive. Maximum Permitted Power (mW) | Maximum Permitted Power (dBm) | Range (approximate) | Class 1 | 100 mW | 20 dBm | ~100 meters | Class 2 | 2. 5 mW | 4 dBm | ~10 meters | Class 3 | 1 mW | 0 dBm | ~1 meter | 2. 1. 1 Bluetooth Piconets Let’s say you have a typical modern living room with typical modern stuff inside.There’s an entertainment system with a stereo, a DVD player, a satellite TV receiver and a television; there’s also a cordless t elephone and a personal computer. Each of these systems uses Bluetooth, and each forms its own piconet to talk between the main unit and peripheral. The cordless telephone has one Bluetooth transmitter in the base and another in the handset. The manufacturer has programmed each unit with an address that falls into a range of addresses it has established for a particular type of device. When the base is first turned on, it sends radio signals asking for a response from any units with an address in a particular range.Since the handset has an address in the range, it responds, and a tiny network is formed. Now, even if one of these devices should receive a signal from another system, it will ignore it since it’s not from within the network. The computer and entertainment system go through similar routines, establishing networks among addresses in ranges established by manufacturers. Once the networks are established, the systems begin talking among themselves. Each piconet hops randomly through the available frequencies, so all of the piconets are completely separated from one another.Now the living room has three separate networks established, each one made up of devices that know the address of transmitters it should listen to and the address of receivers it should talk to. Since each network is changing the frequency of its operation thousands of times a second, it’s unlikely that any two networks will be on the same frequency at the same time. If it turns out that they are, then the resulting confusion will only cover a tiny fraction of a second, and software designed to correct for such errors weeds out the confusing information and gets on with the network’s business. 2. . 2 The Bluetooth Architecture The Bluetooth architecture is divided into two specifications: the core and the profile specifications. The core specification discusses how the technology works while the profile specification focuses on how to build interoperating device s using the core technologies. The RF Layer The Bluetooth air interface is based on a nominal antenna power of 1mW (0dBm) with extensions for operating at up to 100 mW (20dBm) worldwide. The nominal link range is 10 centimeters to 10 meters, but can be extended to more than 100 meters by increasing the transmit power to 100 mW.The Bluetooth Baseband The basic radio is a hybrid spread spectrum radio that operates in a frequency hopping manner in the ISM band. As stated earlier, the band is divided into 79 one Megahertz channels that the radio randomly hops through while transmitting and receiving data. A piconet is formed when one Bluetooth radio connects to another Bluetooth radio. Both radios then hope together throughout the 79 channels. The Bluetooth radio system supports a large number of piconets by providing each piconet with its own set of random hoping patterns.The Bluetooth frame consists of a transmit packet followed by a receive packet. Each packet can be composed of mult iple slots (1, 3, or 5) of 625 us. Below is a single slot frame. Multi-slot frames allow higher data rates because of the elimination of the turn-around time between packets and the reduction in header overhead. The method which Bluetooth radios connect to each other in a piconet is fairly simple. IT is called a master/slave design. The master radio can be connected up to seven slave radios at any given time.Any Bluetooth radio can become a master or a slave radio. At the time of formation the piconet configuration is determined. Usually, the connecting radio will become the master, although, most devices have a master/slave swap function that allows the roles to be reversed. In order for the piconet to be established by a Bluetooth Radio, the radio must have two parameters available, that is, the hopping pattern of the radio it is to be connected to and the phase within that pattern. All Bluetooth radios have a Global ID which is unique to the system.The master radio shares its Glo bal ID with other radios. The other radios that receive the Global ID become slaves and provide all other radios with the correct hopping pattern. IT is the master who provides the clock offset with the slaves in the piconet, providing the offset into the hopping pattern. Usually, radios not connected to the piconet are in stand-by mode. While in stand-by mode, radios are listen for other radios to find them, which is called Inquiring, and are listening for a request to from a piconet, which is called Paging.In the event a radio issues an Inquire command, a listening radio will respond with an FHS packet that includes the devices Global ID and clock offset to give the inquiring radio at list of available Bluetooth radios within the local range. A Bluetooth radio will page another radio with its Global ID to form a piconet. The radio that was paged will respond with its Global ID and the master radio will pass the radio that was paged and FHS packet. The radio that was paged loads th e paging radio’s Global ID and clock offset in order to join then master’s piconet. . 2 vCard file format vCard is a file format standard for electronic business cards. vCards are often attached to e-mail messages, but can be exchanged in other ways, such as on the World Wide Web. They can contain name and address information, phone numbers, URLs, logos, photographs, and even audio clips. The vCard or Versitcard was originally proposed in 1995 by the Versit consortium, which consisted of Apple Computer, ATamp;T Technologies (later Lucent), IBM and Siemens.In December 1996 ownership of the format was handed over to the Internet Mail Consortium, a trade association for companies with an interest in Internet e-mail. vCard is accompanied by a proposed standard for exchanging data about forthcoming appointments called vCalendar since superseded by iCalendar; the Internet Mail Consortium has issued a statement that it hopes that all vCalendar developers take advantage of the se new open standards and make their software compatible with both vCalendar 1. and iCalendar. The following is an example of a VCard file containing information for one person: BEGIN:VCARD VERSION:2. 1 N:Gump;Forrest FN:Forrest Gump ORG:Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. TITLE:Shrimp Man TEL;WORK;VOICE:(111) 555-1212 TEL;HOME;VOICE:(404) 555-1212 ADR;WORK:;;100 Waters Edge;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:100 Waters Edge=0D=0ABaytown, LA 30314=0D=0AUnited States of America ADR;HOME:;;42 Plantation St. Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:42 Plantation St. =0D=0ABaytown, LA 30314=0D=0AUnited States of America EMAIL;PREF;INTERNET:[emailprotected] com REV:20080424T195243Z END:VCARD vCard defines the following property types: FN, N, NICKNAME, PHOTO, BDAY, ADR, LABEL, TEL, EMAIL, MAILER, TZ, GEO, TITLE, ROLE, LOGO, AGENT, ORG, CATEGORIES, NOTE, PRODID, REV, SORT-STRING, SOUND, URL, UID, VERSION, CLASS, and KEY . Card supports private extensions, with a X- prefix, a number of which are in common usage. Some of these include: Extension | Used As | Data | Semantic | extensions supported by multiple different programs | X-ANNIVERSARY | property | YYYY-MM-DD | arbitrary anniversary, in addition to BDAY = birthday | X-ASSISTANT | property | string | assistant name (instead of Agent) | X-MANAGER | property | string | manager name | X-SPOUSE | property | string | spouse name |X-AIM | property | string | Instant Messaging (IM) contact information; TYPE parameter as for TEL (I. e. WORK/HOME/OTHER) | X-ICQ | property | string | | X-JABBER | property | string | | X-MSN | property | string | | X-YAHOO | property | string | | X-GADUGADU | property | string | | X-GROUPWISE | property | string | | introduced and used by Mozilla, also used by Evolution (software) | X-MOZILLA-HTML | property | TRUE/FALSE | mail recipient wants HTML email | introduced and used by Evolution (software) |X-EVOLUTION-ANNIV ERSARY | property | YYYY-MM-DD | arbitrary anniversary, in addition to BDAY = birthday | X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT | property | string | assistant name (instead of Agent) | X-EVOLUTION-BLOG-URL | property | string/URL | blog URL | X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS | property | string | file under different name (in addition to N = name components and FN = full name | X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER | property | string | manager name | X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE | property | string | spouse name |X-EVOLUTION-VIDEO-URL | property | string/URL | video chat address | X-EVOLUTION-CALLBACK | TEL TYPE parameter value | | callback phone number | X-EVOLUTION-RADIO | TEL TYPE parameter value | | radio contact information | X-EVOLUTION-TELEX | TEL TYPE parameter value | | Telegraphy#Telex contact information | X-EVOLUTION-TTYTDD | TEL TYPE parameter value | | TTY (? ) contact information | 3. HOW TO BLUEJACK Assuming that you now have a Bluetooth phone in your hands, the first thing to do is to make sure that Bluetooth is enab led.You will need to read the handbook of the particular phone (or PDA etc) that you have but somewhere in the Menu item you will find the item that enables and disabled Bluetooth. Now, remember that Bluetooth only works over short distances, so if you are in the middle of Dartmoor then BlueJacking isn’t going to work for you (unless the sheep have mobile phones these days! ) so you need to find a crowd. BlueJacking is very new so not everyone will have a Bluetooth phone or PDA so the bigger the crowd the more likely you will have of finding a victim’.The Tube (yes, Bluetooth works underground), on the train, in a Cafe or standing in line are all good places to start. You will now need to create a new Contact in your Phone Book – however rather than putting someone’s name in the Name field you write your short message instead – so for example rather than creating a contact called Alan Philips you would write – Hey, you have been BlueJacked! instead (or whatever message you want to send) Now select the new contact and from the Menu of the phone choose Send via Bluetooth.This is a facility available within the Mobile Phone that was designed to send a Contact to someone else – useful in Business when trading names and addresses, however we are now going to use it to send our message that was contained in the Name field of the contact – clever eh? Your phone or PDA will start to search the airwaves for other devices that within range. If you are lucky you will see a list of them appear, or it will say that it cannot find any. If the latter happens then relocate to another crowd or wait a while and try again. If you have a list of found devices then let the fun begin.Unfortunately, almost every Bluetooth enabled device will not yet be configured with a useful name – so you are going to have to guess. Some devices will be called by their Phone manufacturer (e. g. Nokia, Sony) or maybe a random string. T ry one at random and look around to see who grabs their phone and then looks perplexed when they read your message If you want to name your Phone so it appears as a name in the list on a BlueJackers phone see how to name our phone . You can build a library of contacts with predefined messages. 3. 1 Mobile The various steps involve in this are as follows: . First press the 5-way joystick down. 2. Then choose options. 3. Then choose New contact 4. Then in the first line choose your desired message. 5. Then press done. 6. Then go to the contact. 7. Then press options. 8. Then scroll down to send. 9. Then choose Via Bluetooth 10. Then the phone will be searching for enabled Devices. 11. Then press Select 3. 2 Personal computers/laptops 1. Go to contacts in your Address Book program (e. g. Outlook) 2. Create a new contact 3. Enter the message into one of the name’ fields 4. Save the new contact 5. Go to the address book . Right-click on the message/contact 7. Go to action 8. Go to Send to Bluetooth 9. Click on other 10. Select a device from the list and double click on it 3. 3 Software tools The procedure for bluejacking as stated or explained earlier are very long and confusing. To avoid this we have developed some software to do bluejacking in an easier way. So by downloading that software on your personal computer or on your Bluetooth configured mobile phone you can do it directly by just searching the enabled Bluetooth device and send unsolicited messages to them.There are many software tools available in the market and there name is according to their use. Some of them are as follows: 3. 3. 1 Bluespam BlueSpam searches for all discoverable Bluetooth devices and sends a file to them (spams them) if they support OBEX. By default a small text will be send. To customize the message that should be send you need a palm with an SD/MMC card, then you create the directory /PALM/programs/BlueSpam/Send/ and put the file (any type of file will work . jpg is always fun) you would like to send into this directory.BlueSpam also supports backfire, if you put your palm into discoverable and connectable mode, BlueSpam will intercept all connection attempts by other Bluetooth devices and starts sending a message back to the sender. 3. 3. 2. Meeting point Meeting point is the perfect tools to search for Bluetooth devices. You can set your meeting point to a certain channel and meet up with people you’ve not met before. Combine it with any bluejacking tools and have lots of fun. This software is compatible with pocket PC, palm, Windows. 3. 3. 3 Freejack Freejack is compatible to java phone like Nokia N-series. . 3. 4. Easyjacking (eJack) Allows sending of text Messages to other Bluetooth enables devices. 3. 3. 5. Proximitymail 3. 3. 6. Freejack 4. USAGE OF BLUEJACKING Bluejacking can be used in many fields and for various purposes. The main fields where the bluejacking is used are as follows: Busy shopping centre Starbucks Train Station Hig h Street On a train/ tube/ bus Cinema Cafe/ restaurant/ pub Mobile phone shop Electronics shop (e. g. Dixons) The main use of bluejacking tools or bluejacking is in advertising purpose and location based purpose.Advertising on mobile devices has large potential due to the very personal and intimate nature of the devices and high targeting possibilities. We introduce a novel B-MAD system for delivering permission-based location-aware mobile advertisements to mobile phones using Bluetooth positioning and Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Push. We present a thorough quantitative evaluation of the system in a laboratory environment and qualitative user evaluation in form of a field trial in the real environment of use.Experimental results show that the system provides a viable solution for realizing permission-based mobile advertising. 4. 1 Bluetooth location based system In terms of location proximity detection for mobile phone users the obvious choice is Bluetooth which, despit e previous predictions of its demise, is in fact increasing its growth and Nokia is predicting a year-on year increase of 65% in 2006. There are already a small number of mobile Bluetooth proximity applications in existence which are often described as mobile social software (MoSoSo) and can be viewed as evolutions of Bluejacking.Bluejacking was/is a phenomenon where people exploit the contacts feature on their mobile phone to send messages to other Bluetooth enabled devices in their proximity. Bluejacking evolved into dedicated software applications such as Mobiluck and Nokia Sensor which provided a simpler interface, and in the case of Nokia Sensor, individual profiles could be used to initiate a social introduction. In terms of this particular application it could be regarded as a business orientated application of the Bluejacking phenomenon.Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the use and benefits of Bluetooth as demonstrated in the widespread use of Bluetooth dongles th rough which the users can connect their desktop machines to these devices. Other initiatives for Bluetooth have been seen in the automotive and medical industries in that manufactures have begun to include Bluetooth access in cars and medical monitoring equipment. According to analysts [11], Bluetooth is currently present in 65% of all mobile phone handsets thus making a system such as the one described in this paper, a very practical and worthwhile scenario.This location based system enables Bluetooth to be used as a means of targeting users with specialized content in a specific area at a given time. For example, users in a supermarket could be informed about a certain discount offer based upon their purchasing habits. Such messages can be sent to all the users in the area with a Bluetooth enabled mobile handset or PDA. In order that the system can service a diverse range of users and devices no client side application is required thus nothing has to be installed. The information is presented in a very familiar and simple form of a text message.Figure 3 shows the basic layout of a system for transmitting messages to all the devices in a given area. The system uses object exchange protocol (OBEX) over Bluetooth to send the information to target devices. Licensed by Bluetooth SIG from IrDA, OBEX has become even more popular than during its original period as means of transferring business details. OBEX is transport neutral, as with the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), which means that it can work over almost any other transport layer protocol. OBEX is defined as one of the protocols in Bluetooth and sits over RS232 serial cable emulation (RFCOMM) protocol.Moreover, OBEX is a structured protocol which provides the functionality to separate data and data attributes. A clear definition of each request can be given which helps distinguish one request from another. Use of other protocols such as RFCOMM or logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) requ ire the applications sending and receiving information to know how the data is sent and when to send the reply. Like extensible markup language (XML) OBEX provides structure to the data being sent in contrast to other protocols such as RFCOMM which basically send bytes. 4. 2 Bluejacking s a market channel Bluetooth offers a new communications channel to marketers. But the technology needs to be respected if they are to avoid alienating consumers according to a white paper from Rainier PR. Stephen Waddington, managing director of Rainier PR, turns wireless sleuth. The marketing industry is never slow to jump on a new communication channel and exploit it for its own ends. The telephone, email, SMS text messaging and the web have all become a standard part of the marketing toolkit, the latter having a marked impact on the way in which organizations communicate with their audiences.Now there is a new mobile communication platform called Bluetooth and both the marketing and technology co mmunity are debating whether it offers a new opportunity to be exploited for marketing gain. 4. 3 Marketing opportunity This mechanism by which messages can be sent between Bluetooth devices – predominantly mobile phones – has provoked discussion within the marketing community as to whether Bluetooth could be used as a promotional communication channel. Bluejacking offers three distinct opportunities for marketers: 1. Viral communicationExploiting communication between consumers to share content such as text, images and Internet references in the same way that brands such as Budweiser, Honda, Trojan Condoms and even John West Salmon, have created multimedia content that has very quickly been circulated around the Internet 2. Community activities Dating or gaming events could be facilitated using Bluetooth as a channel to communicate between participants. The anonymous nature of bluejacking makes is a superb physiological tool for communication between individuals in a localized environment such as a cafe or pub 3. Location based servicesBluejacking could be used to send electronic coupons or promotional messages to consumers as they pass a high street shop or supermarket. To date SMS text messaging has been used with mixed success as a mechanism to send consumer’s location based information Rainier PR believes that viral communication and to a lesser extent event based activities offer the greatest opportunity for bluejacking as a marketing mechanism. Already companies are looking at ways of exploiting the technology in these two areas. London, UK-based TagText has made available a series of urban avatars available free for consumers to send each other.The company is tight lipped about its ultimate product and goals but has done a superb job of raising its profile by making available a series of free media properties. What is clear is that TagText wants consumers to send TagText characters to each other and raise the profile of the company . Herein lies one of the key benefits of Bluetooth. Unlike any other mobile communication mechanism it is absolutely free – there are no subscription charges and no costs associated with sending a message. The rise in text-based bluejacking couldn’t have been more timely for TagText’s launch.Not only can we capitalize on the trend, but using images adds a new dimension that even most bluejackers haven’t yet considered, said Russell Buckley, director and founder of TagText. Buckley admits that Bluejacking would not suit everyone, but for brands that want bleeding edge youth credibility

What to Do if Youve Been Placed on a College Waitlist

What to Do if Youve Been Placed on a College Waitlist Its important to understand what it means when youve been placed on a college waitlist. Like thousands of students across the country, you havent been accepted or rejected, and the resulting limbo can be frustrating. Youll make better decisions if you have a clear picture of how waitlists work and what your options are. Key Takeaways: College Waitlists Colleges use waitlists to ensure a full incoming class. Students get off the list only if a school falls short of admission targets.Chances of getting off a waitlist vary from year to year and school to school. Because of the uncertainty, you should move on with other plans.Be sure to accept a position on the waitlist and send of letter of continued interest if allowed. In the spring, college applicants begin getting those happy and sad admissions decisions. They tend to begin something like this: Congratulations! . . . or, After careful consideration, we’re sorry to inform you . . . But what about that third type of notification, the one that is neither acceptance nor rejection? Thousands upon thousands of students find themselves in college admissions limbo after having been placed on a waiting list. If this is your situation, what now?  Should you accept a position on the waitlist? Should you get angry at the school for waitlisting you and decide you didn’t want to go there anyway? Do you go ahead and put down a deposit at a school where you’ve been accepted, even if your waitlist school is your first choice? Do you simply sit around and wait? The answers to these questions, of course, vary depending upon your situation and the schools to which you applied. Below youll find advice for your next steps. Here's How Waitlists Work Waitlists have a very specific purpose in the admissions process. All colleges want a full incoming class. Their financial well-being is dependent upon full classrooms and full residence halls. So, when admissions officers send out acceptance letters, they make a conservative estimate of their yield (the percentage of admitted students who will actually enroll). In case the yield falls short of their projections, they need some students on back-up who can fill out the incoming class. These are the students on the waitlist. The widespread acceptance of the Common Application, Coalition Application, and new Cappex Application make it relatively easy for students to apply to many colleges. This may be convenient for students, but it also means that students are applying to more colleges than they typically did in decades past. As a result, colleges get more half-hearted applications and its more difficult to predict the yield on their applications. The end result is that colleges need to put more students on waitlists in order to manage the uncertainty. This is particularly true at highly selective colleges and universities. What Are Your Options When Waitlisted? Most schools send out a letter asking you if you will accept a position on the waitlist. If you refuse, that’s the end of the story. If you accept, you then wait. How long you wait depends on the school’s enrollment picture. Students have been known to receive acceptances from the waitlist a week before classes start. May and June are more typical notification times. You essentially have three options when waitlisted: Decline a position on the waitlist. If you got into a school you like more, you should decline. Its rude and inconvenient for other students and the college if you accept a place on the waitlist simply to see if youll get in. If you dont plan to attend, dont put yourself on the waitlist.Accept a position on the waitlist, sit back, and wait. If youre still considering the school, you should definitely put yourself on the waitlist.Accept a position on the waitlist, and then take action to improve your chances of getting off the waitlist. Be realistic here- your chances of getting off the waitlist probably are not great, and any actions you take may or may not help. Still, something as simple as a letter of continued interest can have a positive effect. What Are Your Chances of Getting Off a Waitlist? It’s important that you have a sense of the math, for in most cases the numbers aren’t encouraging. The examples below vary widely, from Penn State where 80% of waitlisted students were admitted, to Middlebury College where 0% were offered admission. The norm tends to be in the 10% range. This is why you should move on with other options rather than pin your hopes on the waitlist. Also, realize the numbers below will vary significantly from year to year because a colleges yield will vary from year to year. Cornell University Number waitlisted: 3,213Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 1,976Number admitted from waitlist: 279Percentage admitted from waitlist: 14% Grinnell College Number waitlisted: 740Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 279Number admitted from waitlist: 16Percentage admitted from waitlist: 6% Haverford College Number waitlisted: 732Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 305Number admitted from waitlist: 10Percentage admitted from waitlist: 3% Middlebury College Number waitlisted: 1,231Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 603Number admitted from waitlist: 0Percentage admitted from waitlist: 0% Penn State University, University Park Number waitlisted: 1,828Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 1,704Number admitted from waitlist: 1,356Percentage admitted from waitlist: 80% Skidmore College Number waitlisted: 1,584Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 522Number admitted from waitlist: 59Percentage admitted from waitlist: 11% University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Number waitlisted: 8,385Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 2,776Number admitted from waitlist: 525Percentage admitted from waitlist: 19% Yale University Number waitlisted: 728Number who accepted a place on waitlist: 204Number admitted from waitlist: 56Percentage admitted from waitlist: 27% A Final Word on Waitlists Theres no reason to sugarcoat your situation. Yes, we can say, At least you werent rejected! The reality, however, is that its frustrating and discouraging to be placed on a waitlist. If you were waitlisted from your top choice school, you should definitely accept a place on the waitlist and do all you can to get an acceptance. That said, you should also move on with plan B. Accept an offer from the best college that accepted you, put down your deposit, and move forward. If you are lucky and get off the waitlist, you will likely lose your deposit, but thats a small price to pay for attending your top choice school.

Male Cultural Competence response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Male Cultural Competence response - Assignment Example Therefore, the multiculturalism cornerstone remains in establishing an appropriate understanding of people’s sociopolitical histories as well as the people’s histories and the groups to which they belong. During treatments, it is significantly important for the development of an alliance between the clinician and the client for a better therapy. In such a perspective, masculine oriented therapy does not necessarily mean that the clinician has interests in an individual’s masculinity; however, such information is important for the establishment of an alliance. From the student post, it is evident that the patient is given unsatisfactory treatment based on his past behaviors. Because of discriminations, it is proper that clinicians understand their therapist’s values and worldview in order to develop a strong alliance during therapy and offer appropriate treatment (Healy, 2005). As such, the clinicians and another medical staff would offer treatments without any bias, or assumptions by understanding that indeed people are different from the varied cultural variances. Appropriate training and education are crucial in the development of male- culturally appropriate interventions and strategies, especially for therapists as in instances of learning to discuss issues of race and racism. Male as a gender has certain characteristics and activates associated with it. As such, men tend to participate in certain activities, having the strengths-based approach, which are ideally positive factors of engagements in optimizing the available conditions for positive development and creativity in the minimization of the possible risk practices (Berg-Weger et al., 2001).  Certain elements  of the  male  strengths approach of a man’s interaction with other men involve the recognition and focus on strengths and capabilities as a means of responding to challenges that one faces as well as depersonalizing the problems.

Teaching Relative Clauses to ESL Learners Research Paper

Teaching Relative Clauses to ESL Learners - Research Paper Example Learning of English as a foreign language is influenced by a number of factors including the structure as well the similarity of the language with diverse forms of the learners’ mother language. In addition to this, the language learning process is complicated and therefore is subject to mistakes with respect to the learners. The teaching of relative clause to the English language learners has been an important consideration for the learners to be competent in the language, as it is used globally. On the other hand, the issue involved in learning the relative clause is due to its complex nature, which is one of the causes for selecting the topic. The problems faced by the English language learner as well as the educator have increased the importance of the topic (Abdolmanafi, 2012). The paper aims at examining the problems faced by the language learners. The underlying reason for the selection of the topic is to examine the factors that are responsible for errors. Moreover, pr oper identification of the error is also essential for the teachers to recognize the measures to solve the issue in the context of learning relative clause. The identification of the learners’ problem in the teaching process facilitates the development of a better language system. In the context of the English language, the use of relative clause results to the addition of more information in the sentence. The importance of the relative clause in the English language is another cause for the selection of concerned topic.

To Love Another Person is to See the Face of God Essay Example for Free

To Love Another Person is to See the Face of God Essay To love another person doesn’t really mean to see the face of God. You have to feel all the love and blessings of God. Living the life of God, with his words and doing things that we know is right is living the path of life loving any other person regardless of what she or he is living with the love of God with no conditions, no barriers that can stop him/her, only with just plain love of God . Accepting other person, understanding them is the way of showing love to them. Helping them in times of trouble, giving them advice for goodness in life and supporting them on the things that they want to do are few thing we can do to show them our concern and love for them. We should not wait for them to return favor for what we did for them, because like God who love and help us, he didn’t ask anything in return for what he did for each one of us and never get tired of doing those things, so should just be thankful for what we did. That is God’s will for us. There are times we need to sacrifice for the sake of others. Those sacrifices are just tools for them to have happiness they deserve. But should not be lonely because we sacrifice it, God has always plans for our life. We don’t that he might have more plans for our life. Also we don’t know what will happen in our lives, but we should not just wait until something comes in our way. We should be the one to start our lives with God in our side for us to reach success Sharing happiness that you receive with all other people you want to share is showing them your love for them. Someday all of our sacrifice and all that we share with others will return to us but we don’t know when. Only God knows. We should not be disturbed by the ups and downs of life. It is part of life were our courage, strength and faith in God were tested for us to be more ready to face all the coming trials for us. It is part of the path we all have to take to learn more things about life, on how we can more understand the life God had do for us. Being able to surpass the trials we are facing is like reaching one of our many goals in life. And showing our love to other person is one of the greatest commandments of God. Love all the people with your whole heart, let them fell it not just hear it, let them receive it not just expect it and love is the beginning of goodness. Showing love to others is the best way to show them goodness. Love God first, and love others more than you love yourself.

Defining Poverty in America :: Urban Decay, Urban Poor

Poverty is an important and emotional issue. Last year, the Census Bureau released its annual report on poverty in the United States declaring that there were nearly 35 million poor persons living in this country in 2002, a small increase from the preceding year. To understand poverty in America, it is important to look behind these numbers--to look at the actual living conditions of the individuals the government deems to be poor. For most Americans, the word "poverty" suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. But only a small number of the 35 million persons classified as "poor" by the Census Bureau fit that description. While real material hardship certainly does occur, it is limited in scope and severity. Most of America's "poor" live in material conditions that would be judged as comfortable or well-off just a few generations ago. Today, the expenditures per person of the lowest-income one-fifth (or quintile) of households equal those of the median American household in the early 1970s, after adjusting for inflation.1 The following are facts about persons defined as "poor" by the Census Bureau, taken from various government reports: - Forty-six percent of all poor households actually own their own homes. The average home owned by persons classified as poor by the Census Bureau is a three-bedroom house with one-and-a-half baths, a garage, and a porch or patio. - Seventy-six percent of poor households have air conditioning. By contrast, 30 years ago, only 36 percent of the entire U.S. population enjoyed air conditioning. - Only 6 percent of poor households are overcrowded. More than two-thirds have more than two rooms per person. - The average poor American has more living space than the average individual living in Paris, London, Vienna, Athens, and other cities throughout Europe. (These comparisons are to the average citizens in foreign countries, not to those classified as poor.) - Nearly three-quarters of poor households own a car; 30 percent own two or more cars. - Ninety-seven percent of poor households have a color television; over half own two or more color televisions. - Seventy-eight percent have a VCR or DVD player; 62 percent have cable or satellite TV reception. - Seventy-three percent own microwave ovens, more than half have a stereo, and a third have an automatic dishwasher. As a group, America's poor are far from being chronically undernourished. The average consumption of protein, vitamins, and minerals is virtually the same for poor and middle-class children and, in most cases, is well above recommended norms.

School Daze

School Daze is a film that was directed, produced, written, and starred in by the legendary filmmaker Spike Lee. Spike Lee was once again trying to make America conscience and aware of racial issues, but this time it was focused on internalized racism at historical black colleges and universities (HBCU). Lee explored an issue that is still prominent in today's society, light-skinned versus dark-skinned African Americans, good hair versus bad hair, and the Greeks versus the Afro-centric students.School Daze is a very enlightening film, but it took a lot of different elements to complete a film of this magnitude to make others aware of this racial issue. School Daze is a film about internalized racism amongst the African American community at a fictitious historical black college called Mission College. The student body has divided itself into groups that are the epidemy of groupthink.In a newspaper called the Journal-Gazette by author Greg Braxton mentioned the battle between good hai r versus bad hair among African American women, by mentioning the 1988 film School Daze were Spike Lee staged a musical production number in a beauty salon, and two warring female college cliques battled over this topic (2009).In a newspaper called the Journal-Gazette author Greg Braxton mentioned the battle between good hair versus bad hair among African American women, by mentioning the 1988 film School Daze were Spike Lee staged a musical production number in a beauty salon, and two warring female college cliques battled over this topic (2009).

History of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Essay

In 1996, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted to improve availability and continuity of health insurance coverage, combat fraud and abuse in health care delivery, provide access to long term care services and simplify administration of health insurance by standardizing information exchange between healthcare organizations. This act primarily protects the privacy and security of an individual’s health information in response to the rapid grown of health insurance and information systems (Questions and Answers on HIPAA). Transmission standards and code sets were included in HIPAA to standardize health-related information and to facilitate faster electronic data interchange (EDI) which allows exchange of information from computer to computer. The transactions and code set standards apply to patient-identifiable health information transmitted electronically. Without the need for human involvement or intervention to complete the process, the practitioner will be able to cut costs by eliminating third party clearing houses, administrators or billing services (Kibbe, 2001, p. 8). With the standardized information exchange, availability of patient information electronically can be obtained with ease. To protect the security and confidentiality of this information, Privacy Rule was issued to implement the requirement of HIPAA. The major goal of the privacy rule is to assure that an individual’s health information is protected from unauthorized access and disclosure while still allowing the exchange of information through EDI to facilitate payments and to provide high quality health care. Individually identifiable health information, called Protected Health Information (PHI) is any data that contains the individual’s past, present or future physical or mental health, provision of health care to the individual, and the payment of such in the past, present or future. It is the Office for Civil Rights’ (OCR) responsibility to ensure that the Privacy Rule is enforced and implemented with respect to voluntary compliance activities and civil money penalties (Office of Civil Rights, 2003). There are some instances, however, when disclosure of PHI is needed or permitted. Covered entities (health care providers, clearing houses, etc. ) may disclose protected health information to the public health authorities when public health and safety are at risk. This happens when an individual contracted a communicable disease that raises public concern. If an employee developed a work-related illness or injury and the employer requests for the employee’s PHI in compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and other similar state law, the covered entities may release information about the individual. Likewise, information for treatment procedures requiring historical information and provided for by several health care services is granted to the health service providers, including consultations and referrals between providers regarding a patient. Protected Health Information of abused, neglected or domestic violence victims may also be disclosed to appropriate government authorities (such as reporting suspected domestic abuse to social welfare agencies) as long as the individual gives consent to disclosure, or the disclosure is authorized by law (Office of Civil Rights, 2003). The passage and implementation of HIPAA definitely improved the conditions of health care services. Uniform transmission and code sets standards paved the way for more efficient processing system, standardizing the way physicians, health insurance and health care providers handle and exchange information. With increased efficiency, costs are decreased. As Kibbe (2001) puts it in his article, â€Å"If there’s a silver lining to the HIPAA regulations, it’s here. These standards can save your practice time and money. † Although accessibility of information is one benefit of HIPAA, Privacy Rule protects the individuals from unauthorized disclosure of their Protected Health Information ensuring confidentiality and security of data exchanged in the process.

Lord of the Flies Essay †Comparing Ralph and Jack †English Essay

Lord of the Flies Essay – Comparing Ralph and Jack – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Lord of the Flies Essay Comparing Ralph and Jack English Essay There are two types of people on this earth: leaders and followers. A leader is someone who acts as a guide for a person or people. Leaders manipulate followers to their cause and persuade followers to adopt their point of view. Leaders do not always strive to positively impact on the followers’ lives; sometimes leaders use their skilful persuasion techniques to â€Å"force† followers to accept outrageous views. For better or for worse, leaders are incorporated into our everyday society. As politicians running a country; as a CEO managing a company; as a director filming a movie; and even as an adolescent boy governing an island. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, an adolescent boy does in fact govern an island. The boy’s name is Ralph and he is on the island with several other boys because their plane crashed. Ralph and other boy, Jack, are the evident leaders of the group. The two boys are at opposite end of the leadership spectrum: Ralph is considerate of the other boys’ opinions when making decisions, while Jack believes that he should be the one to make decisions for the group. Jack believes that he is superior to everyone on the island, while Ral ph believes everyone is equal. Ralph is able to stay focused on one long-term task while Jack fulfils the day-to-day requirements of the boys. Between Ralph and Jack, Ralph is the better leader because his qualities allow him to make decisions that benefit the whole group One very important quality of a leader is the ability to stay focused on what matters while there are many distractions about, a quality that Ralph demonstrates at the very beginning of the story. As soon as Ralph is elected as chief, he concentrates all of his newly acquired authority to being rescued. He assembles a small group of boys to go on an â€Å"expedition† to see if they actually are on an island. â€Å"If this isn’t an island we might be rescued straight away. So we’ve got to decide if this is an island†¦ three of us will go on an expedition and find out.† (Golding 20). About one quarter way into the novel, Ralph becomes fed up as he finds only himself and one other boy building a shelter for the entire group. â€Å"’You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished?’ ‘D’you see? All day I’ve been working with Simon. No one else. They’re off bathing, or eating, or playing.’† (Golding 51). This shows that the he stays focused while all the other boys become distracted from the task at hand of building the shelters. Ralph’s focused mind on completing the shelters kept him working and prevented him from being distracted like all the other boys. â€Å"‘When the meeting was over they’d work for five minutes then wander off†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Golding 51). Throughout the novel Ralph never ceases to stress the importance of the signal fire as a means of being rescued. Soon after he had been elected as chief, he focuses attention on the importance of having a signal fire and being rescued. â€Å" ‘Now we come to the most important thing. I’ve been thinking†¦ We want to be rescued’† (Golding 36). â€Å"‘If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire.’† (Golding 37). Even after Jack had started his own tribe, stole the onl y means of making fire from Ralph, and Ralph’s tribe consisted only of a small number of boys, Ralph still did not forget the importance of the signal fire. â€Å"‘Just an ordinary fire. You’d think we could do that, wouldn’t you? Just a smoke signal so we can be rescued†¦ now there’s no signal going up. Ships may be passing. â€Å" (Golding 188) On the contrary, Jack cannot differentiate what is important and what is not. Jack thinks that hunting is more important than being rescued, so he takes the hunters that were tending the fire to go hunting. The fire – along with the chance of being rescued – becomes extinguished as a ship passes by the island. Jack returns, and receives a deserved earful from Ralph: â€Å"‘There was a ship. Out there. You said you’d keep the fire going and you let it out! They might have seen us. We might have gone home.’ ‘The job was too much. We needed everyone.’† (Golding 74-75) When Jack forms his new tribe, they are not concerned about being rescued, all they want to do is hunt. The ability to stay focused on what matters is important for a leader because it is the only way for progress to be made that can benefit the entire group. If a leader kept on being side tracked with small, insignificant issues, then there would be no time to resolve the big, important issues that are really important and progress. Jack becomes side tracked with his hunting and forgets the very important issue of being rescued from the island. In fact, he also makes the other boys forget about being rescued from the island, making the group suffer. Ralph on the other hand, keeps his mind focused on the most important issues – being rescued and building shelter – and does not let anything get in the way. His focused mind makes decisions that benefit the entire group, which is why he is the better leader. Being a great leader means being considerate of other peoples’ opinions. Jack is not considerate of other people’s opinions. During a discussion about the beast, Jack says: â€Å"‘We don’t need the conch any more. We know who ought to say things. What good did Simon do speaking, or Bill, or Walter? It’s time some people knew they’ve got to keep quiet and leave deciding things to the rest of us – ’ This shows how inconsiderate Jack is because the conch is the only thing that lets the boys communicate their thoughts and eliminating it would mean that they do not get a say in making decisions that affects them. When Jack starts another tribe, he selfishly appoints himself as the leader – his followers do not have a say as to who leads them. As leader, he does not take into consideration the thoughts and opinions of his followers. He barks out orders and everyone follows them. â€Å"‘We’ll go into the forest now and hunt.’ He turned and trotted away and after a moment they followed him obediently.† (Golding 147). Ralph is the exact opposite of Jack, since he is the one who put rules in place to allow every one to speak. â€Å"‘And another thing. We can’t have everybody talking at once. We’ll have to have ‘Hands up† like at school.’† (Golding 31). â€Å"‘I’ll give the conch to th e next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking.’†¦ ‘And he won’t be interrupted. Except by me.’†(Golding 31). These rules show that Ralph actually cares what the boys have to say (why?). Being considerate, like Ralph, is very crucial to being a good leader because listening to everybody’s opinions and beliefs ensures that final decisions can be formed to benefit the entire group. Ralph’s method of considering everyone’s opinions and treating people as equals allows him to make decisions that benefit the whole group, which is why he is a better leader than Jack. An important belief that leaders must posses is that every person is equal. Jack believes that he is far superior than anybody else on the island. When the group of boys is voting for chief at the start of the novel, Jack believes â€Å"with simple arrogance† (Golding 18) that there should be no vote and he should be appointed chief mainly because â€Å"‘I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp.’†(Golding 18). Jack constantly ridiculed Piggy when they were in the same tribe and gave no thought to what Piggy said. â€Å"Piggy took the conch†¦ ‘I don’t believe in no ghosts – ever!’ Jack was up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWho cares what you believe – Fatty!’†(Golding 97). â€Å"‘Then,’ went on Piggy†¦ ‘You’re talking too much,’ said Jack Merridew. ‘Shut up, Fatty.’† (Golding 17). This shows that Jack regards Piggy as an inferior person. Ralph shows that he regards all the boys as equals by standing up for Piggy, the most vulnerable person on the island. When Jack breaks Piggy’s glasses and makes a mockery of him Ralph interferes and calls Jacks actions a â€Å"dirty trick†. â€Å"‘Now I only got one eye. Jus’ you wait –’ Jack mimicked the whine and scramble. ‘Jus’ you wait – yah!’† (Golding 76). When everyone is equal, the group benefits as a whole because people are not afraid of ridicule or persecution when they speak their minds. Their opinions can then be considered when making a decision. If decisions were made the way Jack makes them, with no consideration given to different points of view, then the decision would only benefit a select few within group. Treating people akin to the way Jack does, as â€Å"superior† and â€Å"inferior†, limits the whole group’s progress. The â€Å"superior† people wou ld benefit while the â€Å"inferior† would suffer. This imbalance prevents the whole group from benefiting. Ralph’s belief of equality allows him to make decisions that benefit the entire group, and that is why he is the better leader over Jack. 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An Overview of the Life and Literary Works of Alfred Noyes

An Overview of the Life and Literary Works of Alfred Noyes Alfred Noyes was born in Wolver Hampton on 16th September 1880. In 1896, he went to Exeter College, Oxford, where he distinguished himself at rowing. His first volume of poems was The Loom of Years (1902). The Highwayman, Noyess best-loved poem, is included in the volume Forty Singing Seamen and other poems. The poem is about a highwayman and his lover Bess. The highwayman is deeply in love with Bess and goes to see her one night. Tim, the ostler was also in love with Bess and was jealous of the highwayman. He quietly listens to the conversation of bess and the highwayman .The highwayman was a felon and was wanted by the red coats. Tim informs the red coats about his next visit. To arrest the highwayman, the redcoats use Bess as bait. They position themselves everywhere in the neighborhood and in the inn. They tie Bess in front the window with a musket under her breast. At midnight she hears the highwayman coming closer and closer. To save him she pulls the trigger of the musket and kills herself. On hearing the shot of the musket, the highwayman flees away. The next day, when the highwayman gets to know about Bess he is furious and spurs on his horse to take revenge. But he is shot down. Even after years, it is said that on a night like that one, one can hear the highwayman on his horse coming to the inn-door, and one can see Bess at the window with her hair let loose waiting for the highwayman. The language of poetry is significantly different from the language of ordinary conversation because it is very often the language of indirection: it uses figures of speech like metaphors, similes, and symbols to get across the experience that the poet is trying to recreate. In the following paragraphs, I have analyzed the poem and stated a few of these figures of speech. Using the language of poetry, the poet creates a scene and makes the reader imagine his thoughts. In the first verse of his poem, Alfred Noyes, metaphorically describes: the wind to a river, which is flowing through the mountain like trees: the moon to a ship, which floats in a sea of clouds: the road to ribbon, twisting and turning, shining in moonlight, and passing through a marshy piece of land. In the same verse, the poet introduces the highwayman riding a long distance on his horse before arriving to the inn-door. This can be noticed and the poet puns on the word riding and repeats the word over and over again. Another example of the same style of poetry can be seen in the seventh verse, where the red coats arrive to the landlords inn. In this example the pun is on the word marching. In the second and the third verse the poet describes the highwayman and Bess. The highwayman is dressed in rich attire and when he arrives Bess is waiting for him there. The lovers are parted apart, as the landlord doesnt want Bess to meet the Highwayman. This is because in verse, the highwayman is a wanted convict by the red coats. The poet also introduces Tim who takes of the horses and is also in love with Bess, and is jealous of the highwayman. Unlike the highwayman, the poet presents Tim in a very rustic manner.