Evidence Based Practice Impact Of Nurses Nursing Essay

Evidence Based Practice Impact Of Nurses Nursing Essay Evidence-based practice (EBP) is widely recognised within the role of nursing. Its implementation and purpose in the delivery of care is seen as an important driver for nursing practice and clinical outcomes (Cullen Adams 2010). It has been defined as the: conscientious integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patients values and needs in the delivery of high-quality, cost effective health care (Burns Grove. 2007, p.4). EBP provides opportunity for nurses to ensure that clinical interventions and decisions making processes are safe and suitable for every patient group and enabling effectiveness in patient advocacy (Parahoo, 2006). An important part of practice and nursing culture, EBP should not be seen as an extra aspect to daily workload. Knowledge-base gained from pre-registration educational programmes and clinical experience should be the basis for the development of EBP (Cleary-Holdforth Leufer 2008). Nurses critically reflect daily in clinical practice with the implementation and evaluation of care and it is important to understand that this forms the foundation in research for evidence. Quick reference for guidance does not necessarily need to be a lengthy process with accessibility to intranet and local policies, protocols and best practice statements. However, the self-recognition of base knowledge and skill should be continually developed (Parahoo, 2006). Nurses require time to strive fo r answers to clinical questions, expanding clinical expertise in locating research evidence. Using critique frameworks as suggested in Burns Grove (2007), articles should be critically appraised with time spent deciding how they might apply to clinical practice. By taking a rigorous approach to appraisal, making an informed decision about the reliability and validity of sources of evidence, nurses can really look the effects in clinical practice and how the evidence can be delivered (Cleary-Holdforth Leufer 2008). Nurses working in clinical settings should really think about dilemmas or problems that come up frequently in their clinical practice that they would like to know further research and evidence for. It is expected that registered nurses should be comfortable and competent with the components of EBP such as forming clinical questions, literature searching skills, including accessing appropriate literature and showing enthusiasm in its development. Nurses need to have good resources and support from employers through providing access to library facilities containing major on-line databases such as EBSCO; Cochrane library database; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and the British Nursing Index (BNI). Through the use of databases, a comprehensive literature review should be conducted to generate understanding of what is known and not known about the particular clinical problem (Cleary-Holdforth Leufer 2008). The review can allow the nurse to decide whether adequate knowledge exists allowing for change in clinical practice or whether further research is required. From this initial thought may follow development of clinical question creating ethical consideration and understanding of beliefs and values of patients and colleagues. Nurses should being with searching highest level of evidence such as systematic reviews involving the compilation and ranking of evidence according to its methodological origin (Whiting. 2009). Systematic reviews summarise the results of high quality studies, often reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Described and the gold standard to research, they identify which interventions work, those which are not as effective and where further research should be carried out. In this way, bias is reduced and the effects of treatments studied are not overestimated. By using such evidence, time will be reduced in the need for critical appraisal (Whiting. 2009). It is important to note that as nurses move forward having more autonomy in decision making and its emphasis of patient centred care there still remains lack of appreciation in best evidence for patient response in emotional, psychological and holistic understanding and focus lies within scientific interventionism. Cleary-Holdforth Leufer (2008) criticise that the described highest level of evidence fails to acknowledge research based on patient experience and perception and aspect fundamental to nursing practice. This can be viewed in clinical guidelines developed by Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), derived from systematic reviews of scientific literature all guidelines have levels of evidence statements with the highest level of evidence being meta-analyses, systematic reviews or RCTs (SIGN 2010). 640 words To apply evidence into practice it is vital for nurses to have role models that respect EBP, rather than relying on clinical expertise alone (Cleary-Holdforth Leufer 2008). They must value ideas and effectively support the process if clinical questions arise. Role models need to be enthusiastic about EBP and having positive vision about the opportunities EBP can provide when integrated into day-to-day practice. Nurses need be able to view the benefits of applying best current evidence to their practice and therefore creating a positive motivation for EBP. At all levels, nurses need to be interested in using the EBP and adopt certain practices and attitudes. These include devotion, professional pride, positiveness, courage and willingness to carry out change and commitment to continuous learning (Cleary-Holdforth Leufer 2008). The nurse will not only see maturity in professional self but also development of personal achievement and identity. Decision makers and new found knowledge needs to not only be distributed but fully utilised and the nurse must ensure that colleagues receive, read, understand and appreciate the value of and actually utilise it in their own decision-making processes and, where appropriate, alter their behaviour. As with any clinical intervention, evaluation of its effectiveness is essential and nurses must discuss with colleagues and participants Further to this assignment will be appraisal and evaluation of two papers providing critique and discussion. Each will be assessed for the appropriateness for evidence-based practice. Gethin, G. Cowman, S. (2008) Manuka honey vs. hydrogel a prospective, open label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial to compare desloughing efficacy and healing outcomes in venous ulcers. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18 (3) p.466-474. Gethin and Cowman (2008) clearly seek to measure the effective comparison of two healing agents on venous ulcers and use a quantitative paradigm with two views to methods of debridement, and indicate that an RCT was undertaken. In a quantitative research study there is focus measurement of the relationship between variables (Burns Grove, 2007). Being the area of interest in the study, the variables that change over time are subject to statistical analysis. A prospective design has been decided on and to the reader indicates a collection of variable data with one or more points in the future. Macnee (2008) adds that time is a defining factor in the design of a quantitative study. In this case the time points were at week 4 and week 12 from initial baseline. A reasonable amount of information has been provided in the design title and allows the reader to be aware of the approach used. It seems that the research hypothesis is best addressed by quantifiable approach being the appropriat e design methodology for investigation. Gethin and Cowman (2008), aimed to select adults presenting with venous leg ulcers having over 50 percent of the wound area covered in slough. Further to this, they followed substantial inclusion and exclusion criteria which was clearly stated and indicated in the research including tables that could be easily understood by the reader. There could however be potential problem with this as a more tightly controlled or restricted sample could lead to limitations to clinical meaningfulness (Parahoo, 2006). The researchers goal is to avoid bias which could potentially distort findings and making it difficult or impossible to interpret results (). There is inconsistency in the description of the members in the study that could indicate bias. The researchers use both the term subject, participant and patient and to the reader, this could be questioned as to how removed the researchers were from those in the sample (Macnee, 2008). Had sample been used consistently then the reader could inte rpret this as being a distance and impersonal approach. Reassuringly the researchers state that they removed themselves from selection process and used blinded randomisation by two persons independent of the study to eliminate personal bias. Blinding refers to the group allocation and the concealment from one or more individuals involved in the research process (Karanicolas, Farrokhyar Bhandari 2010). The larger the sample size in a quantitative study, the more likely the study will apply to clinical situations and aiming to make generalisations about the larger population based on findings (Parahoo, 2006). The study uses a sample size of 108 which seems small and perhaps is unlikely to produce results of statistical significance failing to disclose the actual effectiveness of the agent used. It may have been that Gethin and Cowman (2008) failed to get enough funding to support their study or an increase in sample size would have been too time consuming. Non-probability sampling was used with recruitment of subjects attending a clinic. This type of sampling limits the extent of generalisation of the results to the population outside the research (Burns Grove, 2007). Failure to enrol the predetermined number of subjects creates limitation and restricting what a reader may learn about the study. Further to this, Gethin and Cowman (2008) did not discuss During the data collection stage of the process, there are two important considerations: the potential impact on the reliability and validity of the study. Reliability refers to how reliable the data collection methods are, this is the extent to which the selected methods will collect the same data on repeated occasions. The more consistent this is, the more reliable the methods are (Macnee, 2008). Gethin and Cowman (2008) used local clinical investigators who took part in a pretrial inter-rater reliability (IRR) study determining the level of agreement between the three raters when assessing slough as a percentage within wound bed. As the assessment was split between three data collectors, the reader could query potential differences in subjective opinion in deciding the percentage of slough within the wound bed. Thus influencing the accuracy and consistency in measurement making the measure less reliable. Validity refers to the extent to which the methods used to collect and analyse the data accurately measures what the researchers intended it would measure (Macnee, 2008). They selected to use Visitrak Digital Planimetry a tool for wound measurement. Sugama et al. (2007) explores and concludes that this type for wound measurement device was a efficient reliable system applicable for use in clinical practice improving validity of the research. It must be noted however, that this is only valid if the users are fully competent in its use. An important methodology feature of RCTs is to minimise bias and maximise the validity of the results (Whiting 2009). Gethin and Cowman (2008) failed to blind participants and data collectors due to the obvious orange staining from the Manuka honey. For a reader this is a immense flaw in the research introducing bias. The data collected in quantitative research must either be numerical or converted to numerical data and entered into a database (Macnee, 2008). Gethin and Cowman (2008) selected to use a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and further a statistician who was completely disconnected from the research in terms of collection and interaction with the subjects. This is a very positive aspect of the research and Gethin and Cowman (2008) failed to elaborate why participants pulled out from the study and a reader should be highly concerned as to what exactly happened to these subjects and question averse reactions to the chosen product. A nurse having found this during a literature review would suggest there are too many weaknesses in the research to apply this to clinical practice and decision making. A main concern is the safety of patients and I would decline to use this product until further research was carried out considering all the available evidence potentially utilising a systematic review approach. Until then, it would not influence decision making in relation to methods of debridement. This intervention applied in everyday clinical practice could potentially have adverse consequences that outweigh the potential benefits. The cost was not reported and it may be that the Manuka honey treatment is very expensive providing only small health benefits and failing to make good use of reso urces. It may have been beneficial for the researchers to provide a rough idea of the cost of producing one unit of benefit. An aspect fundamental to nursing practice is to incorporate understanding of the participants perspective about their experiences (Leufer Cleary-Holdforth 2009). This is not something that was not explored, had funding been available qualitative research, which will be explored in the next paper could have been incorporating using two design methods. 1305 words Hancock, H. C. Easen, P. R. (2006) The decision-making processes of nurses when extubating patients following cardiac surgery: An ethnographic study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. [Online] 43 (6) p.693-705.

How do you define environmental science? Essay

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that combines information from many disciplines, such as biology, geography, chemistry, geology, physics, economics, sociology (particularly demography, the study of populations), cultural anthropology, natural resource management, agriculture, engineering, law, politics, and ethics. Ecology, the discipline of biology that studies the interrelationships between organisms and their environment, is a basic tool of environmental science. Atmospheric science is a branch of environmental science that includes the study of weather and climate, greenhouse gases, and other airborne pollutants. Environmental chemistry examines chemicals in the environment, including soil and water pollution. Geosciences—for example, environmental geology and physical geography—study a wide range of environmental topics, such as soil erosion, groundwater use, ocean pollution, and climate. Scientists in these sub-disciplines not only evaluate environmental quality but they also develop ways to restore damaged environments. Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited to Ecology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.[1] Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering. Environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality. Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global climate change. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical,  chemical, and biological processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space, and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis. Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Events that spurred this development included the publication of Rachael Carson’s landmark environmental book Silent Spring[2] along with major environmental issues becoming very public, such as the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, and the Cuyahoga River of Cleveland, Ohio, â€Å"catching fire† (also in 1969), and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study. * How does the relationship between science and technology affect   environmental problems and solutions in today’s society? It usually goes like this: Someone uses the power of SCIENCE to make a Really Cool Thingâ„ ¢ that causes unintended environmental problems (e.g. the car). If enough people care about the problems, then someone, again using the power of SCIENCE, makes something to fix or reduce the problem (e.g. the catalytic converter, hybrid car, etc.). If not enough people care about the problem, then they continue using the Really Cool Thingâ„ ¢ until the problem becomes such that it cannot be ignored (e.g. air pollution in California), whereupon people are compelled to make or enact something in an effort to fix or reduce the problem. Read more: How does the relationship between science and technology affect environmental problems and solutions in today’s society? | Answerbag http://www.answerbag.com/q_view/2679770#ixzz2HM50PYt6 * Why is the concept of environmental sustainability important, and why should it be studied? What are the historical patterns surrounding sustainable and unsustainable human interactions with the environment? * In general, how do human values affect sustainability given current challenges facing society? * After reviewing the research on the environment, how do environmental hazards affect human health? Provide at least two examples.

Motivation Theories Essay - 1149 Words

Motivation is defined as â€Å"the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level† (Bauer Erdogen, 2009, p.97). Motivation theories are useful tools that organizations can use to energize employees and foster a stimulating work environment. These theories are categorized as either content or process theories. Today, Bauer and Erdogen (2009) state that many organizations have applied motivation theories ,such as the goal setting theory and reinforcement theory, in order to modify their employees’ behavior in the workplace through goals and reward systems. According to the reinforcement theory, behavior that is rewarded is often repeated. As a result, many organizations have utilized this theory by tying rewards to performance (Bauer †¦show more content†¦Fallon and McConnell (2007) define a performance appraisal as a â€Å"structured event† in which employee performance is examined. Such reviews are normally based on documents such as the job de scription and a performance appraisal form. Bauer and Erdogen (2009) strongly believe that the organizational use of performance appraisals is beneficial for many reasons. â€Å"When employees have goals, they tend to be more motivated if they also receive feedback about their progress† (Bauer Erdogen, 2009, p.132).Both Nickols (2007) and Fallon and McConnell (2007) agree that performance appraisals are excellent tools that can be use to provide employees with feedback on their performance. â€Å"The goal of providing performance feedback is to help the rater solve performance problems to motivate the employee to change behavior† (Bauer Erdogen, 2009, p.134). Nickols (2007) also believes that such appraisals also provide the opportunity to identify training and performance options and for employees to establish their personal goals. Further, â€Å"performance appraisals afford the corporation legal protection against employee lawsuits for discrimination and wrongful termination† (Nickols, 2007, p.14) Bauer and Erdogen (2009) state that when a supervisor uses the performance appraisal interview to give employees constructive criti cism, encourage employee participation, and focus on the employee’s behavior , the employees tend to react positively. However,Show MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss three of the theories in more detail. This essay will also explain the needs theories of motivation, and will focus onRead MoreMotivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation846 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jones Psychology April 28 2016 Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge roll in everyone’s life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and canRead MoreMotivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Overview of Presentation What is motivation? Cognitive theories of Motivation Forms of Motivation Motivation Theories Profile of Motivational Problems How to Motivate Students What is Motivation? Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder (2006) defined Motivation as follows: â€Å"Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in any givenRead MoreMotivation And Theory Of Motivation1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action. Moreover, The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1401 Words   |  6 Pages Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that cause it since it contributes to achievement of one’s goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1010 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as an act or process that inspires and stimulates a person to be an effort to achieve a goal. It not only puts employees in act, but also makes them feel interesting with their job. As a result, most of employees are feeling satisfaction with their job, becoming creativity, innovation and productivity as well. However, to successful in motivating the staff is required an appropriate met hod that meets with all staff’s need. Otherwise, it is seems to useless in driving the employeesRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in many differentRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task† (Lawley King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic

Fact, Fiction, And Perception Understanding Schizophrenia

Fact, Fiction, and Perception: Understanding Schizophrenia Tia M. Hunter Understanding Schizophrenia 1 Salem College Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of varying symptoms, in fact until the current edition of the DSM-V this disorder was broken into subtypes such as catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual. There many facets of schizophrenia such as auditory hallucinations, delusions, social isolation, as well as intense suspicion or agitation, each of which contributed to the previous subtypes of schizophrenia. Today, individuals with schizophrenia are assessed severity of symptoms rather than by classification. How Do You Know Cain was a typical law student making his mark on the world. At twenty-four years old he was in his final year of law school, if he finished out his final stretch perfect there were already offers waiting for him. That was until Cain?s friends began to notice a change in him; over the course of the school year Cain began to change into someone they did not know. It began with Cain being a little more anxious than normal, his fellow classmates just wrote this off as stress of the last year (Bray, 2007), but his behavior soon began to escalate. Rather than participate in study groups or pull his share of the group work on cases, Cain became disorganized and paranoid (Castle Buckley, 2015). Cain wanted nothing to do with his friends, and felt that they were out to take his offers away. Rather thanShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Schizophreni How Do You Know?1916 Words   |  8 PagesUnderstanding Schizophrenia 3 Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of varying symptoms, in fact until the current edition of the DSM-V this disorder was broken into subtypes such as catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual. There many facets of schizophrenia such as auditory hallucinations, delusions, social isolation, as well as intense suspicion or agitation, each of which contributed to the previous subtypes of schizophrenia. Today, individuals withRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2534 Words   |  11 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story, The Yellow Wallpaper represents an early utilisation of a mentally unstable unreliable narrator. Gilman’s narrator is, in fact, so unreliable that her name is the subject of critical discussion over a century after the story’s initial publication. Whilst the descent of Gilman’s narrator into madness has been the subject of various conflicting literary interpretations it is certain that Gilman ’s own experiences of mental health problems and subsequentRead MoreIts Kind of a Funny Story Response1346 Words   |  6 Pageshaving it just to stand out. From the novel, reading the viewpoint of someone with depression I was able to see how a mental illness affects someone. Putting mental illnesses in a perspective I would not be able to relate to otherwise gave me an understanding on why people acquire it or have it. It gave me a whole new respect on depression, as I actually learnt that you don’t just get it because you’re sad. It’s actually something wrong with the cells in your brain. And that pressure and daily strugglesRead MoreEssay on Sociology of Health and Medicine1947 Words   |  8 Pagesof the different types of narrative analysis assist in understanding the accounts that are presented by individuals whom discuss their health concern in a narrative concept. The chosen concern and debate in health and medicine that has been chosen for this discussion is the narrative analysis of the link between marijuana use and work/school performance, which was produced by Moravek, Johnson Dunlap (2007). Through t his enriched understanding of the importance, value and meaning of narrative analysisRead MoreMental Illness5917 Words   |  24 PagesABSTRACT The society of the world often misunderstood the actual truth of mental illness and it has created mental illness as a stigma. The mental illness itself created a fear, by understanding mental illness we can profit a new understanding of mental illness and reduces the stigma out of it. Basically Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a person s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. The goal of this research is to understand whatRead MoreEssay on What is Asperger Syndrome?2762 Words   |  12 Pagesperplexing disorder, of countless, that needs to be acknowledged. Although it is one of the more well-known disorders, an understanding of Asperger’s is far from common knowledge. There is an abundance of misconceptions and people unaware of what Asperger Syndrome actually is. Being uncertain about the characteristics of a person with Asperger’s allows people to go through life not understanding the disorder itself and peop le who have it. Asperger’s is one disorder of many in the Autism Spectrum. The AutismRead MoreCMNS 304 Notes Essay5778 Words   |  24 Pagesour opinions, thoughts, and perceptions. To emphasize this point, Tannen refers to a scientific study in which participants viewed a video of two cars colliding. After one week, some subjects were questioned about the video in term of the cars â€Å"bumping into each other†, while the other group heard â€Å"smashing into each other†. The latter group recalled the cars moving at much higher speeds than the first group, illustrating the power and influence words can have on perception. This is just one of theRead MoreBehavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications.2912 Words   |  12 Pagesrevealed a belief in cause and effect relationships between mental activities and learned behavior. In the 1966 edition of his 1928 book, The Behavior of Organisms, Skinner still named the belief that emotions are important factors in behavior a mental fiction. In addition, he thought that it is wrong, or at least not scientific, to consider that people cry because they are sorry or tremble because they are afraid. Behavior therapy developed rapidly. Three â€Å"waves†, that actually are three divisions ofRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 PagesType of Work: novel Genres: utopian literature; social criticism First Published: 1949 Setting: Oceania Main Characters: Winston Smith; Julia; OBrien; Big Brother/Emmanuel Goldstein Major Thematic Topics: mutability of the past; the existence of fact through memory; memory; history; language; oppression of writers Motifs: repressed sexuality; dreams Major Symbols: Newspeak; prole woman; birds; telescreens; glass paperweight The three most important aspects of 1984: The setting of 1984 is aRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesthinking irrationally. No matter how much someone would desire to forget the fast paced time of our lives, it is impossible to forget it all together. He is saying that no matter what challenges people find themselves in, they only end up in despair. In fact, he says that there are no real challenges. He basically tells Quentin that succeeding in life is only an illusion of philosophers and fools. Undoubtedly these are the words of an extremely mentally ill person. Deranged people often see strange illusions

In Defense of Darkness Rhetorical Analysis Essay - 1134 Words

In Holly Wren Spaulding’s essay, â€Å"In Defense of Darkness,† her main claim is that we have fallen away from darkness and immersed ourselves in a society of lightness. Furthermore, she claims this has lead humans to lose touch with basic human emotion as well as the sensual and spiritual experience true darkness has to offer. Spaulding makes this claim evident through exceptional use of personal testimony and copious appeals to value. Spaulding begins her essay with a detailed personal testimony that describes the deep emotional connection she feels for darkness. In part of the second paragraph she states, â€Å"the sky and shore and water were all one inky darkness though stars sparkled on the watery surface,† (83). This description of the†¦show more content†¦She takes advantage of her passion for the darkness as a way of persuading her side of the argument, placing greater favor upon the peacefulness in darkness versus chaos in the light. Also her description of her emotions when she is surrounded by darkness suggests that our busy lives in the light have taken relaxation away from our lives; darkness helps us fall back into simpler times and serenity. Next, Spaulding places her appeals to value upon the light/urbanism. She states, â€Å"We modern, industrial, technological Homo sapiens favor light,† (84). This is the start of her counterargument; she explains the importance of light in our technological society. Spaulding shows how it has become a security blanket that has caused us to slowly move away from darkness, almost as if it was an enemy. Which brings her to consumer capitalism and how institutions draw us into products taking advantage of light and brightness. Because consumer capitalism is a way for institutions to control us, Spaulding is suggesting that they are in control of the obsession with light; they make sure it surrounds us showing us â€Å"the action is here, this is the thing to buy, we are open for business, this is the way,† (84). While the previous paragraphs considered the value we place upon light and served as a part of Spaulding’s counter argument, it also built up for her qualifying argument. She has acknowledged that humans prefer light and claims â€Å"But why notShow MoreRelatedStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesway to ensure that strategy is controlled in one mind is to keep the process simple (182). However, this point, together with the first, forced Andrews to tread a fine line throughout his text between nonconscious intuition on one side and formal analysis on the other, a position he characterized as an act of judgment (108). This distinguishes the design school from the entrepreneurial school on one side and the planning and especially positioning schools on the other. 4. Strategies should be oneRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Chan ge.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesReasons ................................................................................................ 236 Deceiving with Loaded Language ................................................................................................... 238 Using Rhetorical Devices .................................................................................................................. 240 Review of Major Points .............................................................................................

Shopping Addiction Free Essays

What Shopping Can Lead To What is shopping? Is shopping something we do for fun, for fashion, or to make us happy? Is shopping in our culture? Is shopping something we have learned from our parents, growing up? Shopping can be defined in many ways, but when does shopping become a problem? In â€Å"Shopping Spree, or Addiction† by Heather Hatfield, MD, she says â€Å"shopping can be one of America’s favorite past-times, but shopping can also lead to a self-destructive addiction that will cause financial disaster (1-2). I’ll be going over two main factors, credit cards and the mall environment, that cause a shopping addiction, along with the type of illness, depression, that also causes a shopping addiction. I’ll also talk about the treatment individuals go through to overcome the addiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Shopping Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dictionary definition of shopping is the act of a person who shops. It does not define an overreaction to shopping. What is an overreaction to shopping? It’s a shopping addiction. A shopping addiction is referred to as shopoholism, and is just as unhealthy as alcoholism, drug abuse, and gambling. In some cases there are similarities amongst these addictions. For instance, alcoholics will hide their bottles, and shopaholics will hide their purchases. Having a shopping and spending addiction is defined as being inappropriate, excessive, and out of control. â€Å"Like other addictions, it has to do with impulsiveness and lack of control over one’s impulse. In America, shopping is embedded in our culture; so often, the impulsiveness comes out as excessive shopping,† says Donald Black, MD (quoted in Hatifield 1-2). A article by David Futrelle, who is a licensed psychologist and prominent researcher of Shopoholism, states that shopoholism is an impulse control problem rather being an obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). For an example, a person with OCD will wash their hands and find relief whereas a compulsive shopper will get a high. The euphoria compulsive shoppers feel keeps them coming back for more, and more, and more (Futrelle). Individuals who are compulsive shoppers aren’t able to control their behavior through rational considerations. They will not be concerned if they don’t have enough money to pay. Since credit is so easily available, it makes it easy for people to spend, but before they know it they will find themselves in debt. The word credit card is in almost every shopaholic’s story. But it’s not credit cards that cause shopping addictions. According to statistics most individuals who develop this addiction are in their early twenties. Normally, this is after they get their first real job and their first credit card. It’s not just shopaholics who have problems spending with credit cards. It’s everyone. Using credit cards is easier, and we feel like we got it for free because no money has come out of our pocket, just not yet anyway. People who use credit instead of cash tend to spend 20%-30% more than someone who is paying with cash† says Gary Herman, director of counseling services for consolidated credit (quoted in Futrelle). With all the spending that’s going on the debt keeps piling up. Individuals won’t know how much debt they are in. Eventually individuals will go into denial on how much they really spent and owe back. People will end up owing back twice as much as they thought they did. Credit cards aren’t to blame for addictive shopping; they just play a big part in a person’s life who is addicted to shopping. The way malls, stores, and advertisements are set up plays a big part on how people spend. Advertisers influence people to shop and spend more. Malls and shops are set up to attract people with their displays. For instance, people can go into their favorite store and there could be a sale. Of course the shopper will buy more than they really need because they feel like they have gotten a deal. â€Å"In a way malls and stores seduce us to buy, and it can lead to an addiction† says James J. Farrell who is a professor of history at St. Olaf College (53-55). Companies also will use their slogans to get people to buy and spend more. Take BMW for instance, their slogan is â€Å"The Ultimate Driving Machine. † This slogan tricks people into thinking that if they don’t own a BMW then whatever car they do own is not good enough. Other catchy slogans include Levi jeans, â€Å"You Walk a Little Taller in Levis† or Visa â€Å"Everywhere You Want to be. † Companies use these tactics to persuade people to spend and spend and spend, attracting the shopalcholics until individuals can’t spend any more. Nine million people in America suffer from shopoholism, and it’s more common in women. There have been studies conducted to see if addictions are genetic. â€Å"About 10%-15% may have a genetic predisposition to an addictive behavior† says Ruth Engs, MD (quoted in Hatifield 1). As reported by Dr. Adrienne Backer â€Å"There is a strong link between compulsive shopping and an inadequate maternal relationship (quoted in Futrelle). † Frequently the mother was depressed or absent emotionally causing the daughter to develop a low self-esteem, resulting in the daughter turning to shopping to feel happy (Futrelle). In reality people who have a shopping addiction are covering up a low self-esteem. Dr. Louise Chang who is a physician at Grady Memorial hospital states that the endorphins, dopamine, and  naturally occurring opiate receptors get switched on in the brain, and people will feel a high that makes them feel good about themselves for that short amount of time while shopping. The causes of addictions and why addicts will continue their destructive behaviors remain uncertain. Most individuals who suffer from compulsive shopping have a history of psychological problems and difficulties at home, and this plays a huge part in forming this compulsion (Chang 1). There are many warning signs to look out for in individuals who are addicted to shopping. Some of the signs to look out for are spending over budget, compulsive buying, being obsessed with money, and feeling lost without credit cards or cash. Having a shopping addiction will cause arguments with other family members about the individual’s shopping habits. A shopping addiction is a vicious cycle that keeps repeating itself. For most people shopping is going to the mall with friends or to buy the latest style, but for compulsive shoppers, shopping makes them feel good. About ninety years ago German psychologist, Emil Kraepelin defined excessive shopping as an illness calling it â€Å"onioman,† (quoted in Velez-Mitchell 20-25) but only recently it’s being understood as a disorder. After individuals shop they feel guilty or depressed about how much they spent. In some cases individuals will feel so guilty they will go back to the store and return the merchandise thinking they will feel relief. Again once they return home they find the guilt has gone away, but then they will feel anxious. The outcome of feeling anxious will lead to another shopping spree. It’s an ongoing cycle. More than half the time shopping addicts have to hide their problem from loved ones to avoid arguments. Individuals will let merchandise pile up in their car until loved ones aren’t home. Then they take their purchases inside. In marriages, one will have secret bank accounts or credit cards to avoid confrontation with their significant other about spending money. Just like any other addiction it takes a toll on family relationships or personal relationships. Individuals will spend every extra minute they have at the mall instead of being home. Individuals will also isolate themselves from others because they become preoccupied with their behavior. Before one notices that their partner has a problem, they usually are in debt for $75,000 or more. The husband or wife is equally responsible for the debt their significant other has obtained. Usually this addiction will ruin a relationship, and if one is married it will end with divorce, which is stated by Jane Velez Mitchell who is an awarding winning journalist and bestselling author (192-198). Is there a cure for someone who has a shopping addiction? The answer is yes. The first thing to do it to admit one has a problem. There are different levels of a shopaholic. Individuals will have to find a debtors anonymous 12 step program to go to. This program is important for ongoing support and maintenance. Individuals will also have to go through credit counseling. â€Å"There are no standard treatments for shopping addictions† says Donald Black, MD (quoted in Hatifield 1-2). There is one type of medication that is given to people with a shopping addiction and that is an antidepressant, called Celexa. The cause of a shopping addiction results in the individual being depressed, and they will use shopping to relieve their depression and feel happy. But antidepressants don’t always work, and many victims they have to go to counseling. For individuals who try to recover from this addiction, it’s a good idea to get rid of check books and credit cards which fuel the problem. People also should not shop by themselves. They should find other meaningful ways to spend their time. With people who have a severe shopping addiction, it’s recommended that someone else controls their finances for them. If someone disagrees with what I’ve written about shopping addictions, they are either an addict or wealthy. People with shopping addictions or any other addiction don’t realize they have a problem and think they are ok. It’s very hard for one to realize and admit they have a problem. In seeking help for this addiction a person needs to admit they have a problem in order to recover from the addiction. Another type of person who would disagree with a shopping addiction is someone who has money to spend. If an individual has money and can afford going on shopping sprees regularly, then why not buy everything they want. But individuals who are wealthy won’t realize they have a problem, and they could be suffering from depression. The first thing to do to recover from this addiction is to admit one has a problem, otherwise treatment won’t work. Works Cited Chang, Louise, MD. â€Å"The New Addiction. †WebMD. 2009. Web. 5 July 2011. Farrell, James J. One Nation Under Good. Washington D. C: Smithsonian Books, 2003. Print. Futrelle, David. â€Å"Do You Shop Too Much. † Money Magazine. Money Magazine, 31 Oct. 2003. Web. 1 July 2001. Hatifield, Heather,MD. â€Å"Shopping Spree, or Addiction? †Ã‚  WebMD. 2004. Web. 5 July 2011. Velez-Mitchell, Jane and Sandra Mohr. Addict Nation. Florida: Health Communications, 2011. Print. How to cite Shopping Addiction, Essay examples

Marketing Management of Amazon Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management of Amazon Company. Answer: Introduction Amazon Company is Fortune 500 e-commerce organization that is based in Seattle, Wash. It has proper distinction of being one of the largest companies in order to sell different goods as well as services in the internet. In the year 1994, Jeff Bezos has founded Amazon that will be launched in the following year. There are two different issues that has to be discussed in the entire report is relating to the marketing mix as well as the different strategies in order to adopt as well as standardize different international area ofmarketing along with process of internationalization in order to properly describe the internationalization of Amazon. Amazon considers itself as customer centric organization that will help in gaining huge competitive advantage in the competitive market. It is one of the cloud computing organizations that have been the largest internet retailer. The Amazon Company has different as well as separate retail stores in the United States, Ireland, and Germany as well as in Italy. The different theories as well as approaches have to be described in order to discuss the entire report. Furthermore, from the year 2000, the logotype of Amazon has properly featured curved arrow that is leading from A to Z and in the year 2011, there were 30,000 full time employees who were working with them (Fuentes-Blasco et al. 2017). Marketing Mix Marketing mix is a proper mixture of four Ps such as product, promotion, distribution, price as well as place (Festa et al. 2016). There are 7Ps of marketing has been discussed in the next chapters as this helps in determining the entire success or failure of the respective brand. The entire success as well as sustainability helps in analyzing the different strategies as well as tactics that is suitable in nature for making Amazon brand sustainable in nature. The different elements of the marketing mix is essential in nature as this will help in analyzing as well as ensuring the company to put the right kind of product at the right place at the right time as well. Concept of adaption as well as standardization Proper standardization process helps in comprising of different publication, formulation as well as implementation of different guidelines as well as specifications. It is such a process wherein proper equipments as well as methods will be used in order to gain competitive advantage in the competitive environment (Moorthy and Suresh 2014). Amazon can properly use different set of procedures, as this will help them in adopting new technologies that will help in having huge positive impact on the performance of the respective company. The Amazon can properly adopt different technologies in the new markets with existing range of products by making different changes in the strategy that will properly suit in local market (Sharma and Gautam 2017). Marketing Mix elements with adoption as well as standardization There are different marketing mix elements such as product, price, promotion as well as place. Amazon has properly incorporated different 4Ps of marketing mix in an effective manner that will help in achieving positive results as well. During the time for entering into the international market, Amazon has to adopt the marketing mix in order to choose different strategies that are accurate in nature for proper implementation such as adoption or standardization. As per Gupta and Pirsch (2014), the actual flavor of global marketing is to create proper balance between the standard approach as well as standardized that will indicate extension to marketing mix that will help Amazon in operating in a better way in the future. Amazon has to implement different global strategies that will help in understanding the entire global marketing mix. Proper marketing mix is essential to be performed in order to understand the different issues relating to the different Ps in the competitive environment. Amazon requires to properly ascertaining the different Ps of marketing in order to analyze the different challenges that will be faced by the respective brand in the future (Khan 2014). Elements of Marketing Mix Product is one of concept that is adopted by Amazon that helps in making proper connections to internet with different gadgets like tablets, phones and this will allow the customers in order to properly browse as well as purchase products in an effective manner. These products are delivered to the customers with the help of delivery service organizations. Amazon has properly built huge product base and this will help in selling different products that includes Boos, jewellery, clothes for women, men as well as for children along with different mobiles as well as tablets (Ooi Kuan, Lloyd and Mou Chuan 2017). Amazon expanded business in India as well as in United Kingdom with the proper implementation of different other products as this will help them in making their presence in the entire market. This will help in ensuring that Amazon continues to properly deliver different variety products at a competitive price as this will help them in providing proper competition to the other comp etitors in the market (Ha and Lee 2018). Price is another essential component in the marketing mix wherein Amazon is competitive in nature with the pricing techniques of staying ahead of the different competitors in the market. Amazon helps in offering different copies both new as well as old in order to provide the customers a premium account who is frequent buyers from Amazon. The prices can be kept competitive in nature by Amazon as this will help in ensuring proper benefit to the consumers and this will help in showing lesser prices online to the customers than the competitors. Amazon is providing huge competition to the other competitors such as Flipkart, eBay as well as other online stores as the price that is offered by Amazon is comparatively lower in nature in comparison to the others in the market and this is helping them in gaining proper competitive advantage in the competitive environment as well (Tapp and Spotswood 2103). Promotion is another essential component of the marketing mix wherein Amazon uses advertisements that are web based and they will use this as the search engine to advertise their different offers and products that is sold by them. The result that has been generated from the search engine has worked in favor of Amazon and this is the best promotional strategy that is used by Amazon as well. Furthermore, the formal level of promotion has properly grown in the recent years and this is becoming huge incentive for the market as well. Proper advertising techniques has to be applied by the different companies as this will help Amazon in gaining huge profit in the near future as well. Place is another essential component that helps in maintaining proper brand image among the customers. The brand image of Amazon is strong in nature, this helped them in creating a huge presence across the globe, and the employees who are working in Amazon are friendly as well as relaxed in nature as well. There are different individuals in India who can access broadband and the likes for the competition gets toughen in nature as well. The main competitors of Amazon are Flipkart, eBay as well as snapdeal and they create tough competition for Amazon as well in different companies in different parts of the world. The online shopping will help in gaining proper competitive advantage, as this will help in avoiding the cost of rents as well as other issues as well. Proper ascertainments are required in order to generate proper techniques to increase their presence in the competitive market. Argument over adoption as well as standardization The argument that has been raised is such that the process of adoption in the product helps in raising production cost and this has weakened the entire band over the global scale. There is no such chance left wherein the consumers will adopt such product and this will help the company in improving the brand globally as well. Amazon has properly used the proper strategy of adoption along with distribution strategy that will help in attracting huge number of customers in the market. Amazon properly realizes that the customers want proper as well as quick delivery of goods as well as services. Amazon has properly adopted the proper distribution system in order to serve the different customers in the competitive market. There are different theories on internationalization that can be adopted by Amazon in order to properly such as: Uppsala Internationalization process model is the model that has been properly proposed by Johansson and Wiedersheim Paul in the year 1975. Both of the authors properly believed that process of internationalization takes place with various steps that are interesting in nature that is known as establishment chains. With the help of proper time, the decisions related to commitment as well as knowledge relating to market will help in enhancing the brand image of the company and this will help in exploring more future opportunities as well (Eddyono and Subroto 2014). The entire knowledge relating to the market is essential, as this will help them in getting proper commitment towards market as well as for the customers. Network theory is the next theory that has been raised after understanding the different concern of the Uppsala theory. In this theory, proper importance has been provided to the technological advancements rather than the experience as well as usage of resources (Abdul-Hamid et al. 2017). There are different authors who have commented that proper collective efforts are essential in nature as his will help in improving the relationship between the business and this is the source of knowledge as well (Akgn, Keskin and Ayar 2014). International Entrepreneurship theory is the kind of theory that is based on the advancements of technology and this will help in decreasing the different barriers that is present in the culture as well as increment wherein proper awareness relating to culture in the remote market exists (Gummesson and Gummesson 2017). New ventures as well as joint ventures are properly adopted by organizations in order to establish in the new area. The entrepreneurship theory is essential in nature as this will help in expanding their brand in the market and this will help them in gaining competitive advantage in the market as well. Application of theory in Amazon along with different advantages as well as disadvantages The model of internationalization that is applied by Amazon is Uppsala Model, as this will help in analyzing the different internationalization path of Amazon. The Uppsala model used by Amazon helps in describing the foreign market entry as the proper process of learning. There is initial commitment of the different resources to foreign market that will lead to increase in knowledge relating to the local market and the proper continuation of the cycle will continue till sufficient market knowledge is gained for proper expansion of such knowledge. The implication of the Uppsala model helps Amazon in expanding their markets globally as well and this will minimize the psychic distance as well (Adams 2016). Advantages of Uppsala Model It can be analyzed that Amazon did not follow the Uppsala model to such an extent, as the main strategy that was adopted by Amazon. This helped in directly acquiring companies in the foreign markets without the local knowledge of the markets such as in UK, Germany as well in China. Amazon continued as well as expanded the business in Canada as well in India but there were no Canadian or Indian employees who were working with them. Proper as well as extensive experience research will help in analyzing the previous needs as well as other models as well. The entire Uppsala theory is based on proper as well as gradual way of proper collection as well as making information, as this will help in extracting different information as well as other knowledge from the entire market (Kesavan and Mascarenhas 2015). Disadvantages of Uppsala Model Uppsala Model did not provide competitive advantage to Amazon as there is huge competition in the entire market There is no such advancement in technologies in Uppsala Model and this has affected Amazon There has been different issues related to the Uppsala Model as the other competitors in the market who are competiting in the market References Abdul-Hamid, I.K., Hinson, R.E., Mahmoud, M.A. and Yaw, E., 2017, June. Sustainability Marketing: The 7ps Perspectives. In5 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 21-23, 2017 Thessaloniki, Greece(p. 595). Adams, M.E., 2016.Beyond the Glass: Examining Wine Tasting Room Profitability Using the 4Ps of the Marketing Mix(Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech). Akgn, A.E., Keskin, H. and Ayar, H., 2014. Standardization and adaptation of international marketing mix activities: A case study.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.609-618. Eddyono, F. and Subroto, B., 2014. Purchase Behavior of Noodles: A Case Study of Effort Primary Food Diversification in Indonesia.International Journal of Science and Technology,3(10). Festa, G., Cuomo, M.T., Metallo, G. and Festa, A., 2016. The (r) evolution of wine marketing mix: From the 4Ps to the 4Es.Journal of Business Research,69(5), pp.1550-1555. Fuentes-Blasco, M., Fuentes-Blasco, M., Moliner-Velzquez, B., Moliner-Velzquez, B., Gil-Saura, I. and Gil-Saura, I., 2017. Analyzing heterogeneity on the value, satisfaction, word-of-mouth relationship in retailing.Management Decision,55(7), pp.1558-1577. Gummesson, E. and Gummesson, E., 2017. From relationship marketing to total relationship marketing and beyond.Journal of services marketing,31(1), pp.16-19. Gupta, S. and Pirsch, J., 2014. Consumer evaluation of target marketing to the bottom of the pyramid.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,26(1), pp.58-74. Ha, E.Y. and Lee, H., 2018. Projecting service quality: The effects of social media reviews on service perception.International Journal of Hospitality Management,69, pp.132-141. Kesavan, R. and Mascarenhas, O., 2015. Retailer Perception of In-Store Customer Responsibility: Managerial Implications. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 278-282). Springer, Cham. Khan, M.T., 2014. The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), p.95. Moorthy, D. and Suresh, G., 2014. Consumer Perception on Private Label Products in Coimbatore.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,5(2), p.241. Ooi Kuan, T., Lloyd, L. and Mou Chuan, C., 2017, October. An assessment on the trustworthiness of engineers in higher tertiary institutions. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1891, No. 1, p. 020137). AIP Publishing. Rahman, A.S., Barua, A., Hoque, R. and Zahir, M.R., 2017. Influence of Green Marketing on Consumer Behavior: A Realistic Study on Bangladesh.Global Journal of Management And Business Research. Tapp, A. and Spotswood, F., 2013. From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix.Journal of Social Marketing,3(3), pp.206-222.